(M87) According to Aristotle,(166) candidates for archonship at Athens were asked their father’s name and his deme, their grandfather’s name and his deme, their mother’s and her father’s name and his deme;(167) whether the candidate had an Apollo Patroïos and Zeus Herkeios, and where these shrines were: also if he treated his parents well and paid his taxes. In order to be perfectly sure that the candidate was of full and pure blood, they investigated the condition of both his grandparents, and, as further proof, assured themselves that he had a house and property of his own, and that too inherited from his ancestors. Furthermore, he must be guilty of no impiety towards his parents or the State. If it were the case at Athens that the fourth generation from a stranger was considered as having attained to the rights of a citizen, it mattered little what a man’s _greatgrand_father was. He might have been an alien, yet if the intermediate ancestors were “in order,” the candidate would have acquired the full blood.(168) (M88) In the _Oedipus Tyrannus_,(169) Sophocles apparently uses the expression “slave from the _third_ mother” as implying that three descents were considered to confirm the position of the fourth generation as slave or citizen, or whatever the case might be. Oedipus assures Jokasta that _her_ pedigree and status will remain unimpugned, even though the enquiry he is prosecuting establish him thrice-born a slave from slave mother, slave grandmother, and slave greatgrandmother. In elections for sacred offices, which appear to have been about the last things laid open to the new citizen, the possession of three generations of privileged ancestors was in some places insisted on. There is an inscription to this effect belonging to Halikarnassos;(170) and some similar rule seems to have held good among the Jews. “These sought their register among those that were reckoned by genealogy, but it was not found; therefore were they, as polluted, put from the priesthood (_ἠγχιστεύθησαν_ ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερατείας).”(171) The book of Nehemiah closes with the triumphant verse: “Thus I cleansed them from all strangers.” (M89) The rule in the _Ordinances of Manu_ for the recovery of Brahman caste is just halfway between the tenth and the fourth generations—namely, the seventh, or _greatgrandson of the greatgrandson_ of the first halfcaste. This is only the case when each generation marries a Brahman wife. “If (the caste) produced from a Brahman by a Çudra woman keeps reproducing itself by nobler (marriage) this ignoble attains a noble family _at the seventh union_ (Yuga).”(172) Thus:— If (1) the halfcaste marries a Brahman woman and (2) his son do. (3) his grandson do. (4) his _greatgrandson_ do. (5) _his_ son do. (6) his grandson do. (7) his _greatgrandson_ do.—at last his family is restored to their lost high caste. § 5. Limitations Of Liability For Bloodshed.