Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America — John Shaqi
Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of AmericaAudubon, John James
Science
Ornithological biography, Vol. 4 (of 5) : $b An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America
Audubon, John James
Birds -- North America
A fine male killed at Boston, 34 inches in length, with an alar extent
of 56, presents the following characters. There is a general layer
of subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the skin is very tenacious. The
external aperture of the ear roundish, very small, having a diameter of
only 2 lines. The tongue is 2 inches 1 line in length, fleshy, as high
as broad, slightly concave and longitudinally grooved above, tapering
to a horny point. On the palate are 6 rows of papillæ; the posterior
aperture of the nares is linear 2-1/2 inches in length. The aperture of
the glottis is 1/2 an inch long, with numerous papillæ along its sides
and behind. The pharynx is extremely dilatable, as is the œsophagus,
which is 17 inches long, passes along the right side of the neck,
together with the trachea, and when distended has an average diameter
of 2-1/2 inches, but on entering the thorax contracts to 1-1/2. The
structure of the œsophagus in birds may be very conveniently examined
in this species, the different layers being remarkably developed in
it. Properly speaking, it has only two coats,—the outer muscular, its
external layer composed of transverse or circular fibres, the internal
of equally distinct longitudinal fibres, which are not straight, but
irregularly undulated. The inner, or mucous coat, when contracted falls
into longitudinal plaits. The proventriculus is 2-3/4 inches long,
the glandules large, roundish, simple, and disposed in a continuous
belt. Over this part, the transverse muscular fibres are remarkably
developed. The right lobe of the liver is 5-3/4 inches long, the
left lobe 5-1/2. The heart is very large, of a broadly conical form,
3 inches long, 2-3/4 inches in breadth. The stomach is three inches
long, 2-1/2 in breadth, of an elliptical form, a little compressed;
its lateral muscles 9 lines in thickness, and composed of strong large
fasciculi; the tendons 1-1/2 inch in diameter; the cuticular lining
thick, its upper and lower parts marked with strong longitudinal ridges
having numerous transverse fissures; the grinding surfaces irregularly
wrinkled, with a deep fissure down the middle of each. The pylorus
is 8 lines in diameter when distended, and is destitute of valve, but
has a strong prominent rim. In the stomach were remains of fishes, and
some pebbles, chiefly quartz, the largest 4 lines long. The intestine
measures 6 feet 6 inches in length, and varies in diameter from 8 to
6 lines. The rectum is 3-1/2 inches long, the cloaca extremely large,
forming a cavity about 3 inches in diameter. The cæca are 1-3/4 inch
long, cylindrical, rounded at the extremity; one of them 7 lines, the
other 9 lines, in diameter.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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