Outlines of a Critical Theory of EthicsDewey, John
Philosophy
Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics
Dewey, John
Ethics
If we gather together the results of our observations of hedonism and
of Kantianism we get something like the following problem and solution
in outline. The end of action, or the good, is the realized will, the
developed or satisfied self. This satisfied self is found neither in
the getting of a lot of pleasures through the satisfaction of desires
just as they happen to arise, nor in obedience to law simply because
it is law. It is found in _satisfaction of desires according to law_.
This law, however, is not something external to the desires, but is
their own law. Each desire is only one striving of character for larger
action, and the only way in which it can really find satisfaction
(that is, pass from inward striving into outward action) is _as_ a
manifestation of character. A desire, taken as a desire for its own
apparent or direct end _only_, is an abstraction. It is a desire for
an entire and continuous activity, and its satisfaction requires that
it fitted into this entire and continuous activity; that it be made
conformable to the conditions which will bring the whole man into
action. It is this fitting-in which is the law of the desire--the
'universal' controlling its particular nature. This 'fitting-in' is no
mechanical shearing off, nor stretching out, but a reconstruction of
the natural desire till it becomes an expression of the whole man. The
problem then is to find that special form of character, of self, which
includes and transforms all special desires. This form of character is
at once the Good and the Law of man.
We cannot be content with the notion that the end is the satisfaction
of the self, a satisfaction at once including and subordinating the
ends of the particular desire. This tells us nothing positive--however
valuable it may be negatively in warning us against one-sided
notions--until we know _what_ that whole self is, and _in what_
concretely its satisfaction consists. As the first step towards such a
more concrete formula, we may say:
XXXIII.
The Moral End or the Good is the Realization by a Person and as a
Person of Individuality.
In saying that this realization is _by a person_ and _as a person_ we
are saying nothing new. We are simply repeating what we have already
learned about moral conduct (Sec. III). Conduct is not that which
simply reaches certain consequences--a bullet shot from a rifle does
that; there is conduct only when the consequences are foreseen; made
the reason of action. A person is a being capable of conduct--a being
capable of proposing to himself ends and of attempting to realize them.
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