1848. =Revolution in France=, and Prince Louis Napoleon, nephew of the emperor, elected president of the French Republic. Smith O'Brien tried to raise an insurrection in Ireland, and signally failed. =War with the Sikhs=, and indecisive battle of Ramnuggur (Nov. 22). 1849. Lord Gough again met the Sikhs at Chilianwallah, where a sanguinary and indecisive battle was fought (Jan. 13), but he soon after gained a great victory at Goojerat (Feb. 21). ANNEXATION OF THE PUNJAUB. 1850. Death of Sir Robert Peel. 1851. The Great Exhibition of Industry, open for twenty-four weeks, and attended by 6,000,000 people. 1852. Louis Napoleon elected president for life. War with the Burmese, and annexation of Pegu. The earl of Derby appointed premier, and succeeded, several months after, by the earl of Aberdeen, at the head of a coalition ministry. Death of the duke of Wellington. Louis Napoleon elected emperor. 1853. The Sultan declared war against Russia on account of the aggressive measures of the Emperor Nicholas. 1854. England and France determined to assist Turkey, and declared war against Russia. THE CRIMEAN WAR. The allies invaded the Crimea, and defeated the Russians at THE ALMA (Sept. 20). Siege of Sebastopol. The Russians defeated at BALACLAVA (Oct. 25), and INKERMANN (Nov. 5). Sir Charles Napier destroyed Bomarsund, on the Aland Isles (Aug.). 1855. Lord Palmerston became premier. Death of the Emperor Nicholas. Sir Edmund Lyons took Kertch and other towns. Final bombardment of Sebastopol: the Russians effected a masterly retreat to the northern side of the town (Sept.). 1856. ANNEXATION OF OUDE. ~Peace concluded with Russia~ (March). Hostilities with China, on account of the Chinese authorities seizing a small vessel bearing the British flag. Russia receded from all her previous demands, agreed to dismantle the fortifications of Sebastopol, and pledged herself not to keep ships of war in the Black Sea. The national debt and interest, at the close of this war, reached £836,000,000. 1857. INDIAN MUTINY. The rebels captured DELHI, and treacherously massacred the English at Cawnpore. General Havelock repeatedly defeated the rebels, and temporarily relieved Lucknow, which was finally relieved by Sir Colin Campbell (Nov. 17), who had been sent from England as commander-in-chief. Death of Havelock. DELHI was recovered immediately before the first relief of Lucknow (Sept. 14). CANTON taken by the English. 1858. Lord Derby appointed premier. The mutiny completely suppressed. ~Treaty of Tien-Tsin~, between England and China. Commercial treaty with Japan. =Abolition of the East India Company.= 1859. Lord Palmerston succeeded Lord Derby. The volunteer movement originated. 1860. Renewal of the war with China. Occupation of Pekin; and ~Convention of Pekin~ (Oct.). 1861. =The Southern States seceded from the United States=, and war ensued. _Death of the Prince Consort._ Repeal of the paper duty.