(63) Lit., "teaching," "learning," "study." Here, it signifies study for the purpose of elucidating the _Mishnah_. Some texts read, "for the study of the _Gemara_." The _Gemara_ (from the Aramaic, meaning "learning," "completion") is a collection of explanations and discussions on the _Mishnah_. The word _Talmud_ was afterwards applied to the _Mishnah_ plus the _Gemara_. There is a translation of the _Talmud_ in English by Rodkinson, but it is free and incomplete in parts. See Meilziner, _Introduction to the Talmud_; Bacher, art. _Talmud_, in _Jewish Encyclopedia_; _idem_, art. _Gemara_, in the _Hebrew Union College Annual_ (Cincinnati, 1904); E. Deutsch, _What is the Talmud?_; Darmsteter, _The Talmud_; Strack, _Einleitung in den Talmud_, pp. 4-5, 6 _et seq._, 99 _et seq._, 113 _et seq._, 132 _et seq._; Schechter, _On the Study of the Talmud_ in _Studies_, II, p. 102 _et seq._; Herford, _Pharisaism_, pp. 53-54. (64) Lit., "at twenty, to pursue." This has been variously interpreted as follows: (1) for seeking a livelihood (Bartenora, Hoffmann, Strack, Singer); (2) for the pursuit of military service (cf. Num. I, 3, and Deut. XXIV, 5; _Machzor Vitri_, p. 551. Shakespeare's "Then a soldier"); (3) the age "to pursue him for his deeds," for the celestial _bet din_ (tribunal) does not punish at an age less than twenty (Bartenora's second explanation; cf. Rashi on Num. XVI, 27); (4) for the pursuit of ideals (Taylor); (5) to pursue the commandments (_Siddur Korban Minchah_). (65) Cf. Ps. XC, 10. 25. Ben Bag Bag said, "Turn it (66), and turn it over again, for everything is in it, and contemplate it, and wax grey and old over it, and stir not from it, for thou canst have no better rule than this." (66) The _Torah_. 26. Ben He He said, "According to the labor is the reward" (67). (67) The last two verses are ascribed by _Abot de-Rabbi Natan_ to Hillel (chapter XII, ed. Schechter, p. 55). Ben Bag Bag and Ben He He were probably proselytes and disciples of Hillel. See Bacher, _ibid._, pp. 10-12, Taylor and Hoffmann, _ad loc._, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_, art. _Ben Bag Bag_. Rabbi Chanania, the son of Akashia, said, "The Holy One, blessed be He, was pleased to make Israel worthy; wherefore He gave them a copious _Torah_ and many commandments, as it is said, 'It pleased the Lord, for his righteousness' sake, to magnify the _Torah_ and make it honorable'". CHAPTER VI THE ACQUISITION OF THE TORAH (1) (1) See Introduction pp. 18-19. [refers to the end of the section titled DEVELOPMENT OF ABOT] All Israel have a portion in the world to come, and it is said, "And thy people shall be all righteous; they shall inherit the land for ever, the branch of my planting, the work of my hands, that I may be glorified".