§ 12. The discovery of the alkaloids at the commencement of this century certainly gave the poisoner new weapons; yet the same processes (slightly modified) which separated the alkaloids from plants also served to separate them from the human body. In 1803 Derosne discovered narcotine and morphine, but he neither recognised the difference between these two substances, nor their basic properties. Sertürner from 1805 devoted himself to the study of opium, and made a series of discoveries. Robiquet, in 1807, recognised the basic characters of narcotine. In 1818 Pelletier and Caventou separated strychnine; in 1819 brucine; and in the same year delphinine was discovered simultaneously by Brande, Lassaigne, and Feneuille. Coniine was recognised by Giesecke in 1827, and in the following year, 1828, nicotine was separated by Reimann and Posselt. In 1832 Robiquet discovered codeine; and in 1833 atropine, aconitine, and hyoscyamine were distinguished by Geiger and Hesse. Since then, every year has been marked by the separation of some new alkaloid, from either animal or vegetable substances. So many workers in different countries now began to study and improve toxicology, that it would exceed the limits and be foreign to the scope of this treatise to give even a brief _résumé_ of their labours. It may, notwithstanding, be useful to append a short bibliography of the chief works on toxicology of the present century. § 13.--BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE CHIEF WORKS ON TOXICOLOGY (NINETEENTH CENTURY). ANGLADA, JOS.--“Traité de Toxicologie Générale, &c.” Montpellier et Paris, 1835. AUTENRIETH.--“Kurze Anleitung zur Auffindung der Gifte.” Freiburg, 1892. BANDLIN, O.--“Die Gifte.” Basel, 1869-1873. BAUMERT, G.--“Lehrbuch der gerichtl. Chemie.” Braunschweig, 1889-92. BAYARD, HENRI.--“Manuel Pratique de Médecine Légale.” Paris, 1843. BELLINI, RANIERI.--“Manuel de Tossicologia.” Pisa, 1878. BERLIN, N. J.--“Nachricht, die gewöhnlichen Gifte chemisch zu entdecken.” Stockholm, 1845. BERNARD, C.--“Leçons sur les Effets des Substances Toxiques et Médicamenteuses.” Paris, 1857. BERTRAND, C. A. R. A.--“Manuel Médico-Légale des Poisons introduits dans l’Estomac, et les Moyens Thérapeutiques qui leur conviennent: suivi d’un Plan d’Organisation Médico-Judiciaire, et d’un Tableau de la Classification Générale des Empoisonnemens.” Paris, 1818. BINZ, C.--“Intoxicationen” in Gerhardt’s “Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten.” iii. Heft. Tübingen, 1878. BLYTH, A. WYNTER.--“A Manual of Practical Chemistry: The Analysis of Foods and the Detection of Poisons.” London, 1879. BOCKER, FRIEDER. WILHELM.--“Die Vergiftungen in forensischer u. klinischer Beziehung.” Iserlohn, 1857. BÖHM, R., NAUNYN, B., und VON BOECK, H.--“Handbuch der Intoxicationen.” (Bd. 15 of the German edition of Ziemssen’s Cyclopædia.)