Significant as may be the readiness of democratic governments in time of critical economic or crucial war emergency to enter the market place or to produce, either to the exclusion of private enterprises or in competition with them, these are exceptional circumstances; rationalization of the economy is principally achieved by coercing private owners and producers to act consistently with a governmental definition of the public interest. It is such examples of direct governmental control of private entrepreneurs, producers, and distributors that are to be examined in this chapter. CONTROL OF GOODS AND MATERIALS In surveying the possible alternatives of a nation aware of a threatened or existing shortage of strategic raw materials or finished products it is appropriate to review first negative and general controls and thereafter to consider those which become increasingly particular and positive. An initial precautionary move in such circumstances is to prevent the escape of scarce materials from the country. Also relevant thereto is the conservation of domestic supplies. Beyond conservation, implementing these safeguards are affirmative programs encouraging increased domestic production of such materials as well as their importation from abroad. Such programs have been reviewed under the heading of government acquisition. It will be recalled that in addition to stockpiling strategic materials, the government created and operated new productive facilities in an effort to insure adequate supply. However, in addition to these measures the government generally has been unable to escape the necessity of establishing priorities and allocations systems to insure that whatever supply is available is utilized for successful prosecution of the war or to combat effectively any other domestic emergency. _Restrictions on Export_: Congress, in the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933, stipulated that no products of the Corporation could be sold for use outside of the United States, its Territories and possessions, except to the United States government for the use of its Army and Navy, or to its allies in case of war.[318]