Czekanowski[62] says in discussing the ornaments found in Ruanda (fig. 106): “On account of the simplicity of the Ruanda ornament its elements are easily determined. We shall enumerate them here according to their names: quiver (_a_); shield (_b_); millet (_c_); knife (_d_); arrowhead (_e_); kindly person (_f_); ferrule of a spear (_g_); wings of a swallow (_h_); large tail (_i_, _j_); arrows (_k_). The three last patterns may be considered as compound forms. The pentagon occupies an exceptional position. All these elements consist of straight lines. Curves occur as segments, crescents, spirals and circles. Wide-lined circles are called arm rings (_m_); narrow ones, bracelets (_n_).” The general ornamentation consists of horizontal rows of black triangles or diamonds on a plain background or a white triangle on a black background. The arrowhead design (_e_) appears in long rows, the point of one head touching the notch of the other. Zig-zag bands in diagonal or vertical rows of the pattern _i_ and _j_ occur also. The characteristic point seems to be that only the elements of the whole pattern bear names. [62] Jan Czekanowski, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition, 1907-1908, Vol. VI, Part 1. pp. 329 et seq. I infer from Tessmann’s[63] description that among the Pangwe of West Africa also the single pattern elements bear names while the multifarious combinations lack explanations such as we find in America or in Melanesia. In fig. 107 patterns in woodcarving are represented which are named as follows: (_a_) file; (_b_) string of cowrie shells; (_c_, _d_) triangular leaf used for feathering arrows for the cross bow (triangle with wide base); point of iron money, spear point (triangle with narrow base); (_e_) tail of armadillo; (_f_) kerf; (_g_) rainbow; (_h_) fish bone; (_i_) triangular spear; (_k_) spider net. [63] Günter Tessmann, Die Pangwe, Berlin 1913, Vol. 1, p. 243 et seq. [Illustration: Fig. 107. Designs of the Pangwe.]