[Footnote 160-2: How much it contributes to raise wages that workmen can, in a credible way, threaten to move to other places, is illustrated by the early high wages and personal freedom of sailors. Compare _Eden_, State of the Poor, I, 36. In consequence of the recent great emigration from Ireland, the weekly wages of farm hands in that country was 57.4 per cent. higher than in 1843-4. In Connaught, where the emigration was largest, it was 87 per cent. higher. (London Statist. Journ., 1862, 454.)] [Footnote 160-3: Compare _Rogers_, I, 276, and _passim_.] [Footnote 160-4: And this in proportion as the uncertainty of the weather causes haste. In England, the harvest doubles wages. (_Eden._) In East Friesland, it raises it from 8-10 ggr. to 2 thalers sometimes (_Steltzner_); in the steppes of southern Russia, from 12-15, to frequently 40-50 _kopeks_. This explains why the country people who come into the weekly market are anxious, during harvest time, to get rid of their stocks as fast as possible. According to the Statist. Journal, 1862, 434, 448, the average wages in harvest and other times, amounted to: _In harvest time._ _Other times._ In Scotland for males, 18s. 7d. 12s. 11½d. " " females, 11s. 4d. 5s. 7d. In Ireland " males, 12s. 9d. 6s. 11½d. " " females, 8s. 3d. 3s. 9d. " " males, 15s. 4d. 7s. 1¼d. " " females, 7s. 1¾d. 3s. 11d. The reason why the wages of females rises more in harvest time than the wages of males may be the same that in many places in Ireland has made emigration more largely increase the wages of women. (l. c., 454.) Every excess of workmen depresses, and every scarcity of workmen enhances the wages of the lowest strata relatively most.] [Footnote 160-5: The wages of English sailors was usually 40-50 shillings a month. During the last naval war, it rose to from 100 to 120, on account of the great demand created by the English fleet. (_McCulloch_, On Taxation, 40.)] [Footnote 160-6: The winter wages of German agricultural laborers varies between 6.1 and 20 silver groschens; summer wages between 7.9 and 27.5 silver groschens. _Emminghaus_, Allg. Gewerbelehre, 81, therefore, advises that in winter the meal time of workmen in the fields should be postponed to the end of the day, and winter wages then made less low than at present.] [Footnote 160-7: _W. Thornton_, On Labour, its wrongful Claims and rightful Dues, its actual, Present and possible Future, 1869, II, ch. 1. _Harrison_, Fortnightly Review, III, 50.]