[Footnote 164-2: How easily English farmers have accustomed themselves to the consequences of momentary calamities, may be seen from _John Stuart Mill_, Principles, II, ch. 11, 5 seq.; _Thornton_, Population and its Remedy, 1846, passim. _Malthus_, Principles, sec. 8, shows in opposition to _Ricardo_, Principles, ch. 8, that it is not all one to the laboring classes whether their wages rise while the price of the means of subsistence remains the same, or whether the rate of wages remaining nominally the same, the commodities to be purchased decline in price. If for instance, potato-food, physiologically considered, was just as good as flesh-food and wheat bread, yet an unmarried workman or a father with a number of children below the average would be able to save less from the former for the reason that it possesses less value in exchange. (Edinburg Rev., XII, 341.) Thus, e. g., in Ireland, between _A. Young_ and _Newenham_ (1778-1808), the rate of wages increased more than the price of potatoes, but all other means of subsistence in a still greater ratio. (_Newenham_, A view of Ireland, 1808.) Compare _Malthus_, On the Policy of Restricting the Importation of foreign Corn, 1815, 24 ff.; contra. _Torrens_, on the Corn trade, 1820, 374 ff.] [Footnote 164-3: Compare _Garve_ in _MacFarlan_, On Pauperism, 1785, 77. Thus, in the United States, the same quantities of coffee, leather, pork, rice, salt, sugar, cheese, tobacco, wool, etc., could be earned in 1836 by 23.5 days' labor; in 1840, by 20.75; in 1843, by 14.8; in 1864, by 34.6. (_Walker_, Science of Wealth, 256.)] [Footnote 164-4: The person who formerly consumed perhaps four suits of clothes in a year now limits himself to two, and forces the tailor to dismiss one journeyman. In Bavaria, the dear times, 1846-47, and probably also the disturbances of 1848-49, caused officials, pensioners, annuitants and professional men to discharge one-tenth of the female domestics they employed in 1840. (_Hermann_, Staatsw. Unters, II, Aufl., 467.)] [Footnote 164-5: The labor of digging during the time of scarcity in England was paid one-third of the price usually paid in good years. (_Porter_, Progress of the Nation, III, 14, 454.) On the Slavic portions of Silesia, see _Hildebrand's_ Jahrb., 1872, I, 292. According to _Rogers_, I, 227 ff., 315 ff., and the table of prices in the appendix to _Eden_, State of the Poor, the price in England of a quarter of wheat and a day's wages was, in--