_Olympia._ Boys. Stadion (Pind. _Ol._ xiv.). Boxing (Pind. _Ol._ x., xi.). Wrestling (Pind. _Ol._ viii.). (only in 628 B.C.) Pentathlon. (not till 200 B.C.) Pankration. _Pythia._ Boys. Long Distance Race. Diaulos (400 yards) (Pind. _Puth_. x.). Stadion (200 yards) (Pind. _Puth._ xi.). Boxing. Wrestling (Bacchul. xi.). Pankration (not till 346 B.C.). But at Nemea both pentathlon[168] and pankration[169] for boys had already been established by Pindar’s time, as well as the more usual contests.[170] How far individual schoolmasters, as distinct from the State, gave prizes to their pupils, is little known; an epigram in the _Anthology_ supplies the only evidence, by narrating that “Konnaros received eighty knucklebones because he wrote beautifully, better than the other boys.”[171] But probably as a general rule the task of rewarding merit was left to the public contests. * * * * * Thus the State did much to encourage, if it did little to assist or enforce, education. With such splendid rewards before them, boys were probably quite eager to attend school, or at any rate the palaistra. As soon as they were old enough to go to school,[172] they were entrusted to an elderly slave,[173] who had to follow his master’s boys about wherever they went and never let them go out of his sight.[174] This was the paidagogos――a mixture of nurse, footman, chaperon, and tutor――who is so prominent a figure on the vases and in the literature of classical Hellas. There was only one for the family, so that all the boys had to go about together and to attend the same schools and the same palaistrai at the same time.[175] He waited on them in the house, carried their books or lyres to school, sat and watched them in the schoolroom, and kept a strict eye upon their manners and morality in the streets and the gymnasia. Thus, for instance, in Plato, Lusis and Menexenos have their paidagogoi in attendance at the palaistra, who come and force them away from the absorbing conversation of Sokrates, when it is time for them to go home.[176] On a vase these attendants may be seen sitting on stools behind their charges, in the schools of letters and music, with long and suggestive canes in their hands.[177] A careful parent would, of course, see that a slave who was to occupy so responsible a position was worthy of it: but great carelessness seems often to have been shown in this matter. The paidagogoi of Lusis and Menexenos, boys of rank and position, had a bad accent, and on a festival day, it is true, were slightly intoxicated.[178] Plutarch notices that in his time parents often selected for this office slaves who were of no use for any other purpose.[179] Xenophon, feeling the demerits of the Athenian custom, commends the Spartans, who entrust the boys not to