Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
I also expressed my conviction that if we desired to obtain a more
fundamental expression of the concrete character of natural fact, the
element in this scheme which we should first criticise is the concept of
_simple location_. In view therefore of the importance which this idea
will assume in these lectures, I will repeat the meaning which I have
attached to this phrase. To say that a bit of matter has _simple
location_ means that, in expressing its spatio-temporal relations, it is
adequate to state that it is where it is, in a definite finite region of
space, and throughout a definite finite duration of time, apart from any
essential reference of the relations of that bit of matter to other
regions of space and to other durations of time. Again, this concept of
simple location is independent of the controversy between the absolutist
and the relativist views of space or of time. So long as any theory of
space, or of time, can give a meaning, either absolute or relative, to
the idea of a definite region of space, and of a definite duration of
time, the idea of simple location has a perfectly definite meaning. This
idea is the very foundation of the seventeenth century scheme of nature.
Apart from it, the scheme is incapable of expression. I shall argue that
among the primary elements of nature as apprehended in our immediate
experience, there is no element whatever which possesses this character
of simple location. It does not follow, however, that the science of the
seventeenth century was simply wrong. I hold that by a process of
constructive abstraction we can arrive at abstractions which are the
simply-located bits of material, and at other abstractions which are the
minds included in the scientific scheme. Accordingly, the real error is
an example of what I have termed: The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness.
The advantage of confining attention to a definite group of
abstractions, is that you confine your thoughts to clear-cut definite
things, with clear-cut definite relations. Accordingly, if you have a
logical head, you can deduce a variety of conclusions respecting the
relationships between these abstract entities. Furthermore, if the
abstractions are well-founded, that is to say, if they do not abstract
from everything that is important in experience, the scientific thought
which confines itself to these abstractions will arrive at a variety of
important truths relating to our experience of nature. We all know those
clear-cut trenchant intellects, immovably encased in a hard shell of
abstractions. They hold you to their abstractions by the sheer grip of
personality.
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