Scientific American Supplement, No. 829, November 21, 1891Various
Science
Scientific American Supplement, No. 829, November 21, 1891
Various
Science -- Periodicals
The applications are multitudinous. In the first place, in certain
difficult cases, it may serve for the observation of a swinging
thermometer, which is then read during its motion. Then it may be
employed for the continuous observation of a body submitted to
centrifugal force. Apropos of this, we desire to add a few words. Most
of the forces at our disposal, applied to a body, are transmitted from
molecule to molecule, and produce tension, crushing, etc. Gravity and
magnetic attraction form an exception; their point of application is
found in all the molecules of the body, and they produce pressures and
slidings of a peculiar kind. But these forces are of a very limited
magnitude; but it might nevertheless be of great interest to amplify
them in a strong measure. Let us, for example, suppose that a magician
has found a means of increasing the intensity of gravity tenfold in
his laboratory. All the conditions of life would be modified to the
extent of being unrecognizable. A living being borne in this space
would remain small and squat. All objects would be stocky and be
spread out in width or else be shattered. Viscid or semi-solid bodies,
such as pitch, would rapidly spread out and take on a surface as
plane and smooth as water under the conditions of gravity upon the
earth. On still further increasing the gravity, we would see the soft
metals behaving in the same way, and lead, copper and silver would in
turn flow away. These metals, in fact, are perfectly moulded under a
strong pressure, just like liquids, through the simple effect of the
attraction of the earth applied to all their molecules. Upon causing
an adequate attractive force to act upon the molecules of metals they
will be placed under conditions analogous to those to which they are
submitted in strong presses or in the mills that serve for coining
money. The sole difference consists in the fact that the action of
gravity is infinitely more regular, and purer, from a physical
standpoint, than that of the press or coining mill. Through very
simple considerations, we thus reach the principle which was
enunciated, we believe, by the illustrious Stokes, that our idea of
solid and liquid bodies is a necessary consequence of the intensity of
gravity upon the earth. Upon a larger or smaller planet, a certain
number of solid bodies would pass to a liquid state, or inversely. Let
us return to the cyclostat. In default of gravity, centrifugal force
gives us a means of realizing certain conditions that we would find in
the laboratory of our magician. The cyclostat permits us to observe
what is going on in that laboratory without submitting ourselves to
forces that might cause us great annoyance. We have hitherto been
content to put poor frogs therein and study upon them the effect of
the central anaemia and peripheral congestion produced on their
organism by the unrestrained motion of the liquids carried along by
centrifugal force. The results, it seems, have proved very
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