[20] See a paper on the _Hi no maru_ (sun-circle) in the _T. A. S. J._, Nov. 8th, 1893. [21] Such as touching for scrofula or the assurance of fine weather. [22] The statements of Kaempfer, in his 'History of Japan,' regarding the sacred character of the Mikado's person cannot be depended on. His account of Shinto generally is grossly erroneous, or rather imaginary. [23] 'Japan,' edited by Capt. Brinkley. [24] See Index, _sub voce_. [25] See Index--'Suha.' [26] 'Evolution of Religion,' p. 239. [27] Fuku means good fortune. [28] See p. 27. [29] In Teutonic mythology the will-of-the-wisps are souls which have not attained heavenly peace. [30] See also Mr. Frazer's 'Golden Bough,' ii. 297. [31] The Stoics held that the world was not only animated and immortal, but likewise happy and round, because Plato says that that is the most perfect form. [32] Hirata denies this. [33] For full details of the construction of the Japanese dolmen, the reader may consult two admirable papers by Mr. W. Gowland, in the Japan Society's _Transactions_, 1897-8, and the _Journal_ of the Society of Antiquaries, 1897. [34] "Blood, which is the life, is the food frequently offered to the dead.... By a substitution of similars, it is considered sufficient to colour the corpse, or some part thereof, with some red substance taking the place thereof."--Jevons, 'Introduction to the History of Religion,' p. 52. But see Index--'Red.' [35] Some of these figures are still in existence, and one may be seen in the British Museum, where it constitutes the chief treasure of the Gowland Collection. The Uyeno Museum, in Tokio, also possesses specimens, both of men and horses. [36] "Rites, performed at graves, becoming afterwards religious rites performed at altars in temples, were at first acts done for the benefit of the ghost."--Herbert Spencer's 'Sociology,' ii. 8. [37] See an article by Mr. W. H. Lay in _T. A. S. J._, 1891. [38] "Comte ramenait toutes les religions à l'adoration de l'homme par l'homme. Comte, il est vrai, ne faisait pas de l'homme individuel l'objet du culte normal: il proposait à nos adorations l'homme en tant qu' espèce en tant qu' humanité et parvenait à deployer une véritable mysticité sur cette étroite base."--Reville, 'Prolegomena,' p. 26. [39] See Index--'Incest.' CHAPTER IV. GENERAL FEATURES.