Castile soap may be made either by the full boiled or cold process. There are numerous grades of olive oil, and those used for soap making are denatured to lower the duty charges. Olive oil makes a hard white soap, usually sold in bars, and olive oil foots a green soap, due to the coloring matter contained in this oil. To make a boiled castile soap, a composition of 10 per cent. Cochin cocoanut oil and 90 per cent. olive oil may be used. To cheapen this, peanut oil (Arachis oil) may entirely replace the olive oil, or about 20 per cent. of corn or soya bean oil may be added. The oils are saponified as usual in making a settled soap and to prevent rancidity the soap is boiled near the finish for some time in the closed state with sufficient excess of alkali to give it a sharp taste, then grained with lye, the lye drawn off, closed with water and then grained with salt. This process is repeated until the desired strength is reached. The last graining should not be too great, and on the last change the soap should not be thinned out, as it will contain too great a quantity of water when slabbed. In making a cold castile soap the usual method is pursued as already directed under cold made soap. When the soap is taken from the crutcher it is advisable, however, to keep the soap in the frame well covered to assure complete saponification. Some manufacturers use very small frames which are placed into compartments, well insulated to retain heat. Several formulae for cold made castile soaps, follow. It may be noted that some of these contain practically no olive oil. I Olive oil 2030 Palm kernel 674 Soda lye, 35 per cent. B. 1506 II Olive oil 2030 Cochin cocoanut oil 674 Soda lye, 36 per cent. B. 1523 Sodium Silicate 82 III Palm kernel oil 1578 Tallow 940 Olive oil 7 Sodium silicate, 20 per cent. 190 Soda lye, 36 per cent. B. 1507 IV Olive oil (yellow) 1000 Soda lye, 37 per cent. B. 500 V Olive oil 90 or Palm kernel } 10 Cochin or cocoanut oil } 10 Lye, 37 per cent. B. 51 If any of the soaps containing a high proportion of cocoanut oil are boiled the soap will float. It is therefore necessary to keep the temperature as low as possible. ESCHWEGER SOAP (BLUE MOTTLED).