The _thyroid_, unless there is cystic change, is smaller than natural; thus out of 40 thyroid glands from individuals between the ages of six months and 77 years the smallest was in a woman aged 77 (Hale-White[167]). In colour it is darkish brown and on section rather dry. Dr. Donaldson, Lecturer on Pathology at St. George’s Hospital, has specially examined 19 thyroid glands from patients between the ages of 57 and 93; of these five showed cystic change; they all showed increase in the amount of fibrous tissue which was progressive with age, and in the absence of cystic change the size of the vesicles and amount of colloid material were diminished. _The Parathyroids._--From examination of a number of specimens Dr. Donaldson finds that in old people the parathyroids appear to be free from retrogressive changes, but he cautiously requires further experience before concluding that this is the rule. The _adrenals_ show involutionary atrophy in common with the body as a whole, but sometimes the cortex is enlarged from excess of lipoids, usually associated with considerable atheroma, and may also show adenomas. As the increase in size of the adrenals is cortical its relation to high blood pressure, if any, is that of a remote result, namely from arteriosclerosis, and not causal as has been suggested. According to G. M. Findlay[168] the amount of lipochrome in the cells of the adrenals increases with advancing years and is accompanied by the appearance of melanin in their nuclei. The _kidneys_ show definite atrophy, and Councilman,[169] who has recently made a study of them in 580 persons over 60 years of age, calls the condition chronic atrophic nephropathy. The fat in the renal pelvis is more obvious than usual, the capsules are slightly thickened and occasionally but by no means always adherent, the surface finely rough and sometimes showing small cysts, but the large and irregular depressions characteristic of a granular kidney are not common. There are, however, areas of fibrosis, and the cortex and medulla are equally atrophied. Microscopically some glomeruli are fibroid, others smaller than natural. In three-fourths of his cases the renal vessels showed arteriosclerosis due to primary atrophy of the media with compensatory hypertrophy of the intima; but Councilman gives reasons for hesitation in accepting the obvious conclusion that the senile kidney is the result of the vascular change.