In 1770 he leased Banks’ works in the centre of Stoke, and began making printed cream colour. This was the old “on-glaze,” or “black” printed ware, used to guide the enameller rather than as a decoration by itself. Cobalt was a cheap paint, and the designs were filled in with blue. This was becoming the common ware, and invention was busy to simplify the process. Attempts were made by William Adams of Cobridge and, about 1777, by John Baddeley of Shelton to print in blue upon the biscuit ware before the ware was glazed, but without any commercial success.[145] It was Turner of Worcester who first found a satisfactory way of transferring an oily-coloured pattern from a copper plate to a sheet of transfer paper, and then from the paper to the biscuit ware. He too designed the willow pattern which seems likely to characterize “blue printed” for all time. This was in 1780, and in 1783 Spode got two men from the Caughley china works, near Worcester, and they taught him to print in blue under the glaze on earthenware, as they did on china at Worcester. The invention spread with enormous rapidity and Spode made his fortune. He died in 1797,[146] leaving his son Josiah Spode II to carry on his business. The second Spode married in 1779 the eldest daughter of John Barker, master potter of the Row Houses, Fenton. He had been a dealer in earthenware, glass and china in London. William Copeland, a native of Stoke, had been his traveller and assistant in London. On his father’s death young Spode made Copeland his partner and put him in charge of the London office. Even in his father’s lifetime Spode had begun decorating their ware with the Japan reds and blues and heavy gilding that was afterwards the distinguishing mark of Spode and Copeland porcelain; and in 1800 they began to make their bone-paste porcelain.[147] [Illustration: JOSIAH SPODE 1754-1827] Porcelain is a transparent vitreous body which fuses on being fired, and does not require any glaze. The early porcelain had been made largely of glass; Cookworthy’s porcelain, and that made at Shelton New Hall, relied solely on china clay and china stone from Cornwall. None of these bodies were certain, and they failed to become commercial successes. But when the New Hall Company ceased, the manufacture of their hard-paste porcelain in England ceased too, and an entirely new porcelain body was destined to take its place. It was not until Spode introduced bone into the body that the cheap china we know to-day could be produced.[148]