[28] Transactions of the International Medical Congress, Moscow, vol. iv, p. 19. A similar symbolism may be traced in many of the cases in which the focus of modesty becomes in modest women centered in the excretory sphere and sometimes exaggerated to the extent of obsession. It must not be supposed, however, that every obsession in this sphere has a symbolical value of an erotic kind. In the case, for instance, which has been recorded by Raymond and Janet (_Les Obsessions_, vol. ii, p. 306) of a woman who spent much of her time in the endeavor to urinate perfectly, always feeling that she failed in some respect, the obsession seems to have risen fortuitously on a somewhat neurotic basis without reference to the sexual life. [29] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III, Subs. I. [30] It may be remarked here that while the eating of excrement (apart from its former use as a magic charm and as a therapeutic agent) is in civilization now confined to sexual perverts and the insane, among some animals it is normal as a measure of hygiene in relation to their young. Thus, as, e.g., the Rev. Arthur East writes, the mistle thrush swallows the droppings of its young. (_Knowledge_, June 1, 1899, p. 133.) In the dog I have observed that the bitch licks her puppies shortly after birth as they urinate, absorbing the fluid. [31] See, e.g., the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," pp. 165 et seq., and Dühren, _Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. ii, pp. 258, et seq. [32] In the study of _Love and Pain_ in a previous volume (p. 130) I have quoted the remarks of a lady who refers to the analogy between sexual tension and vesical tension--"Cette volupté que ressentent les bords de la mer, d'être toujours pleins sans jamais déborder"--and its erotic significance. IV. Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism--Mixoscopic Zoophilia--The Stuff-fetichisms--Hair-fetichism--The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile Base--Erotic Zoophilia--Zooerastia--Bestiality--The Conditions that Favor Bestiality--Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among Peasants--The Primitive Conception of Animals--The Goat--The Influence of Familiarity with Animals--Congress Between Women and Animals--The Social Reaction Against Bestiality.