| | | | | ~X~ ~x~ | X x | iks | | | | | | ~Y~ ~y~ | Y y | ipsilon | | | | | | ~Z~ ~z~ ~tz~ | Z z tz | tset, tay-tset | | | | | | ~ä~ ~ë~ ~ü~ | ä ö ü _or_ æ œ ue | | +---------------+-------------------+-----------------+ Several of the German letters, being somewhat similar in appearance, are liable to be mistaken one for another. To aid the learner, we give such letters together, and point out the difference. ~B~ (B) and ~V~ (V). The latter is open in the middle, the former joined across. ~C~ (C) and ~E~ (E). ~E~ (E) has a little stroke in the middle, projecting to the right, which ~C~ (C) has not. ~G~ (G) and ~S~ (S). ~S~ (S) has an opening above, ~G~ (G) is closed, and has besides a perpendicular stroke within. ~K~ (K), ~N~ (N), ~R~ (R). ~K~ (K) is rounded at the top, ~N~ (N) is open in the middle, ~R~ (R) is united about the middle. ~M~ (M) and ~W~ (W). ~M~ (M) is opened at the bottom, ~W~ (W) is closed. ~b~ (b) and ~h~ (h). ~b~ (b) is entirely closed below, ~h~ (h) is somewhat open, and ends at the bottom, on one side, with a projecting hair-stroke. ~f~ (f) and ~ſ~ (s). ~f~ (f) has a horizontal line _through_ it, ~ſ~ (s) on the left side only. ~m~ (m) and ~w~ (w). ~m~ (m) is entirely open at the bottom, ~w~ (w) is partly closed. ~r~ (r) and ~x~ (x). ~x~ (x) has a little hair-stroke below, on the left. ~v~ (v) and ~y~ (y). ~v~ (v) is closed, ~y~ (y) is somewhat open below, and ends with a hair-stroke. [Illustration: GERMAN UPPER CASE.] [Illustration: GERMAN LOWER CASE.] GREEK. A small amount of Greek types is indispensable in every considerable book printing-office. The Greek alphabet contains twenty-four letters, which we give in the following table, with the name of each character expressed in Greek and English, and its sound and numerical value. THE GREEK ALPHABET.