All the words that begin with a vowel have one of these breathings over them; but the vowel upsilon admits of no other than the _spiritus asper_ at the beginning of a word. In diphthongs the _spiritus_ is put over the second vowel: as αὐτὸς, not ἀυτὸς. The letter ρ, at the beginning of a word, has an _asper_ over it, as, ῥέω; and where two ρs meet in a word, the first has a _lenis_, and the other an _asper_. * * * * * The apostrophe [’] is used for cutting off the vowels α, ε, ι, ο, and the diphthongs αι and οι, when they stand at the end of a word and the next word begins with a vowel: as, παρ’ αὐτῷ for παρὰ αὐτῷ; πάντ’ ἔλεγον for πάντα ἔλεγον. Sometimes the apostrophe contracts two words into one: as, κᾳ’γὼ for καὶ ἐγὼ; ἐγῶ’μαι for ἐγῶ οἴμαι; κᾳ’κεῖνος for καὶ ἐκεῖνος. Sometimes an apostrophe supplies the place of the first vowel beginning a word: as ὦ ’γαθὲ for ὦ ἀγαθὲ; ποῦ ’ςι for ποῦ ἐςι. This is chiefly used in poetry. But the prepositions περὶ and πρὸ suffer no apostrophe though the next word begin with a vowel; for we write περὶ υμῶν, πρὸ ἐμοῦ; περὶ αὐτον, πρὸ ἐτῶν, &c. * * * * * The diæresis [¨] is put over the last one of two vowels that come together, to show that they must be pronounced separately, and not as a diphthong: thus, ἀϋτὴ with a diæresis makes three syllables; but without a diæresis αυ is a diphthong, and makes αὐτὴ two syllables. * * * * * Diastole [,] is put between two particles that would bear a different sense without it: thus, ὄ,τε ὄ,τι signify _whatever_; whereas ὁτε stands for _as_, and ὁτι for _that_. Τό,τε with a diastole implies _and this_; but when without, it answers to the adverb _then_. * * * * * The sign of interrogation, in Greek, is made by a semicolon [;]. The colon is made by an inverted full-point [·]. All other points are the same as in English. * * * * * The compositor will find it advantageous to bear in mind the following rules:— 1. No accent can be placed over any other than one of the last three syllables of a word. 2. The grave accent never occurs but on the last syllable; and, this being the case, the asper grave ῝ and lenis grave ῍ can be wanted only for a few monosyllables. 3. No vowel can have a spirit, or breathing, except at the beginning of a word. 4. The letter ρ is the only consonant marked by a breathing.