_Anaddakkas_, on left bank of Sabine river. _Arikaris_, on the middle Missouri. _Assinais_, in central Texas. _Caddoes_, near Clear Lake, La. _Cenis_, see _Assinais_. _Huecos_, on the upper Brazos river. _Innies_, see _Texas_. _Nachitoches_, on upper Red river. _Natacos_, see _Anaddakkas_. _Pawnees_, between Niobrara and Arkansas rivers. _Tawakonies_, on upper Leon river. _Texas_, on upper Sabine river and branches. _Towachies_, see _Pawnees_. _Wichitas_, on north bank of Red river. _Yatasses_, on Stony creek, an affluent of Red river. 9. THE DAKOTAS (SIOUX). The western water-shed of the Mississippi river was largely in the possession of the Dakota or Sioux stock. Its various tribes extended in an unbroken line from the Arkansas river on the south to the Saskatchewan on the north, populating the whole of the Missouri valley as far up as the Yellowstone. Their principal tribes in the south were the Quapaws, Kansas and Osages; in the central region the Poncas, Omahas and Mandans; to the north were the Sioux, Assiniboins and Crows; while about Green Bay on Lake Michigan lived the Winnebagoes. The opinion was formerly entertained that this great family moved to the locations where they were first met from some western home; but the researches of modern students have refuted this. Mr. Dorsey has shown by an analysis of their most ancient traditions that they unanimously point to an eastern origin, and that the central and southern bands did not probably cross the Mississippi much before the fourteenth century.[114] This is singularly supported by the discovery of Mr. Horatio Hale that the Tuteloes of Virginia were a branch of the Dakotas; and further, the investigations of Catlin among the Mandans resulted in showing that this nation reached the Missouri valley by travelling down the Ohio. They therefore formed a part of the great easterly migration of the North Atlantic tribes which seem to have been going on for many centuries before the discovery. In the extreme south, almost on the gulf coast of Louisiana, lived some small bands of Dakotas, known as Biloxis, Opelousas, Pascagoulas, etc. They were long supposed to speak an independent tongue, and only of late years has their proper position been defined. Their frames are powerful, and the warriors of the Sioux have long enjoyed a celebrity for their hardihood and daring. The massacre of General Custer’s command, which they executed in 1876, was the severest blow the army of the United States ever experienced at the hands of the red man. With reference to cranial form they are dolichocephalic, sixteen out of twenty-three skulls in the collection of the Academy[115] offering a cephalic index under 80.