In all of these massacres, Turkish military or civil officers presided and directed the bloody work, as will be seen by reference to the authorities mentioned. There have been many other massacres of less than ten thousand during the intervals, which, to use the language of Beder Khan in Mosul (see Layard’s _Nineveh_), have confirmed the whole Turkish principle, that “the Armenians were becoming too numerous, and needed diminishing.” This item of Turkey’s account, for the past seventy-five years only, stands about as follows: DEFENSELESS CHRISTIAN SUBJECTS MASSACRED IN TURKEY 1820 TO 1894. 1822. Greeks, especially in Scio (Chios) 50,000 [35] 1850. Nestorians and Armenians, Kurdistan 10,000 [36] 1860. Maronites and Syrians, Lebanon and Damascus 11,000 [37] 1876. Bulgarians, Bulgaria 10,000 [38] 1894. Armenians, Armenia, Sassoun 12,000 [39] —————— Total 93,000 The above figures indicate the extent of the massacres mentioned. The following extracts reveal the occasion and manner in which they were carried out. The first extract is in regard to the Greeks, and is a translation, by Mr. Robert Stein, from the French: “The blow had been long premeditated. Sultan Mahmoud was in the habit of replying to every success of the Greek insurgents by ordering massacres, violations, and enslavement in regions without defense, where there were none but women, children, and inoffensive merchants. After the first exploit of Kanaris, the quiet commercial town of Cydonia had promptly been burnt. The Turkish admiral was beaten at Samos; for that reason thirty days were spent in Cyprus in cutting off heads. The town of Tripolitza, in the Morea, having been taken by the Palikares, the inhabitants of Cassandra, in Thrace, were given up to bands of Arnauts. The Sultan wished to take new reprisals to terrify the _rayas_ [Christian subjects], and to cause the nations of Europe to reflect. He took care not to fix his choice on Crete, where his _nizams_ would have been received with gunshots. Chios was an easy prey, and suspected nothing, having always lived on good terms with the Porte, and having even refused to take part in the insurrection of Hellas and the islands. The Chiotes had always been the gentlest, the most docile, the most timid of all the _rayas_. The secret societies which endeavored to rouse the Greek people had not even deigned to initiate these islanders in their projects of national resurrection. On the 8th of May, 1821, the intrepid Tombasis, with fifteen brigs from Hydra and ten schooners from Psara, had appeared before the island, and his patriotic advances having been ill received, he had retired. The inhabitants of Chios, in order to give new guaranties of submission, had sent to the Turks large amounts