The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of ReasoningAtkinson, William Walker
Philosophy
The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
Atkinson, William Walker
Logic; Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning, as we have said, is the process of discovering
general truth from particular truths, or inferring general laws from
particular facts. Thus, from the experience of the individual and the
race regarding the particular truth that each and every man under
observation has been observed to die sooner or later, it is inferred
that _all_ men die, and hence, the induction of the general truth that
"All men must die." Or, as from experience we know that the various
kinds of metals expand when subjected to heat, we infer that _all_
metals are subject to this law, and that consequently we may arrive by
inductive reasoning at the conclusion that: "All metals expand when
subjected to heat." It will be noticed that the conclusion arrived at in
this way by Inductive Reasoning forms the fundamental premise in the
process of Deductive Reasoning. As we have seen elsewhere, the two
processes, Inductive and Deductive Reasoning, respectively are
interdependent--resting upon one another.
Jevons says of Inductive Reasoning: "In Deductive Reasoning we inquire
how we may gather the truth contained in some propositions called
Premises, and put into another proposition called the Conclusion. We
have not yet undertaken to find out how we can learn what propositions
really are true, but only _what propositions are true when other ones
are true_. All the acts of reasoning yet considered would be called
_deductive because we deduce, or lead down the truth from premises to
conclusion_. It is an exceedingly important thing to understand
deductive inference correctly, but it might seem to be still more
important to understand _inductive inference_, by which we gather the
truth of general propositions from facts observed as happening in the
world around us." Halleck says: "Man has to find out through his own
experience, or that of others, the major premises from which he argues
or draws his conclusions. By induction we examine what seems to us a
sufficient number of individual cases. We then conclude that the rest of
these cases, which we have not examined, will obey the same general
law.... Only after general laws have been laid down, after objects have
been classified, after major premises have been formed, can deduction be
employed."
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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