The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of PhysiologyHill, Alex
Science
The Body at Work: A Treatise on the Principles of Physiology
Hill, Alex
Physiology
The valiant leucocytes do their best to cope with all the rubbish,
whether living or dead, that needs removal. They flock to any situation
in which germs are numerous or tissue has been destroyed. If all goes
well they take the foreign matter into their substance—dead tissue is
matter foreign to the body—and either digest it in the course of their
ordinary progress, or retreat with it, if they cannot digest it, to the
nearest lymphatic gland. But in their efforts to reach objectionable
matter they are apt to wander too far from the healthy lymph from which
they obtain oxygen for their own respiration. Unable to breathe, they
die. They lose the power of extruding pseudopodia. Their extensible,
prehensile processes are drawn in. Assuming a globular form, they float
helplessly in what once was lymph. Their body-proteins are largely
changed to fat. As “pus cells,” they are thrown off in the discharge
from an ulcer, or accumulate in the cavity of an abscess. A pus cell is
a dead and fattily degenerated leucocyte.
The third kind of breeding-place of leucocytes, a lymphatic gland,
has a more elaborate structure than the tissues with which we have
already dealt. Lymphatic glands are about the size of beans, and of
the same shape. They are found in the course of lymphatic vessels in
situations where they are not exposed to pressure, such as the back of
the knee, the groin, the front of the elbow, the armpit, in the neck
above the collar-bone, and on either side of the sterno-mastoid muscle,
behind the angle of the jaw. There are a number in the abdomen and
in the thorax. Each lymphatic gland is invested by a strong fibrous
capsule. Its artery enters, and its vein and efferent lymphatics leave,
the concave side (the hilus) of the gland. The lymphatic vessels
which bring lymph to it pierce the capsule on its convex side. It is
divisible into two parts: (1) The adenoid tissue which surrounds the
artery and its branches; (2) the open network of “lymph-ways” which
invest this adenoid tissue. Leucocytes divide in the adenoid tissue.
The young lymphocytes drop out into the lymph-ways. As a stream of
lymph, brought by the afferent vessels, is always flowing into the
lymph-ways, and out by the efferent vessel or vessels, the lymphocytes
are carried with it towards the thoracic duct. A lymphatic gland is
therefore an organ for adding leucocytes to lymph in the course of the
lymph-stream. It has, however, another and equally important function.
Leucocytes which have picked up germs or other foreign matter pass on
with the lymph to a lymphatic gland. After entering its lymph-ways
they leave the lymph-stream, squeeze into the adenoid tissue of the
gland, and there come to rest with their burden. They remain in the
gland until the foreign matter is digested, or, if it be indigestible,
until they undergo dissolution, when the particles of soot or pigment
are deposited from their débris in a harmless state. When the skin is
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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