_Tarshish_] generally now identified with Tartessus, a Phoenician town in the south of Spain. This is supported by the various references to Tarshish as a Tyrian colony rich in minerals and far from Palestine (see, e.g. Ezekiel xxvii. 12; Jonah i. 3; Psalms lxxii. 10; 2 Chronicles ix. 21). To identify it with Tarsus, the famous town in Cilicia, is in some ways attractive, but is on the whole less probable. _Kittim_] The inhabitants of Cyprus are meant, “Kittim” being derived from Kition (modern _Larnaca_), the name of one of its oldest towns. In later times Kittim (Chittim) is used vaguely of Western islands (Jeremiah ii. 10; Ezekiel xxvii. 6) or nations; “the ships of Kittim” (Daniel xi. 30) are the Roman ships; “the land of Chittim” (Χεττιείμ, 1 Maccabees i. 1) is Macedonia (1 Maccabees viii. 5). _Rodanim_] No doubt the Rhodians are meant; their island was celebrated even in the days of Homer. On the spelling _Dodanim_ (Revised Version margin; Genesis x. 4), compare the note on _Diphath_ above. The Hebrew letters _r_ (ר) and _d_ (ד) are easily confused. =8, 9= (= Genesis x. 6, 7). THE SONS OF HAM. ⁸The sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. =8.= _The sons of Ham_] The southern peoples are next enumerated. _Cush_] The Hebrew name here transliterated _Cush_ is several times translated “Ethiopia” (e.g. 2 Kings xix. 9; Isaiah xviii. 1) no doubt rightly. On the inscriptions of Asshur-bani-pal frequent mention is made of Ku-su (Ku-u-su) “Ethiopia” in connection with Mu-ṣur “Egypt.” The Cushites were not Negroes but a brown race like the modern Nubians (Soudanese). The “sons of Cush,” however, seem to be tribes located mostly on the Arabian side of the Red Sea, verse 9 below. _Mizraim_] is without doubt Egypt. In form the word may be dual, and it is generally said to mean the two Egypts, Upper and Lower. _Put_] This people is mentioned among the helpers of Egypt in Jeremiah, in Ezekiel (twice), and in Nahum. In Ezekiel xxvii. 10 it appears among the auxiliary troops of Tyre. Put used therefore to be identified with the Libyans of the north coast of Africa, but more probably it denotes the _Punt_ of the Egyptian monuments, i.e. the African coast of the Red Sea.