[Illustration: Bow Saw. Clamps.] It is supposed that there are about 50,000 workers in wood in London, and 350,000 in all England. About 160,000 timber trees of average size are required to make the furniture for the new houses built every year in England and Wales. In cabinet making there are many departments, such as the chair maker, the bedstead maker, the carver, the general manufacturer of tables, drawers, side-boards, wardrobes, &c. and the fancy Cabinet Maker, who uses costly woods and makes workboxes, desks, dressing-cases, and similar articles. A good set of Cabinet Maker’s tools is worth from £30 to £40. The Upholsterer, whose trade is generally joined to that of the master Cabinet Maker, does what is called the “soft work,” that is, he undertakes the curtains, hangings, cushions, carpets, beds, and the stuffing of the seats of chairs. For these operations he requires but few tools. [Illustration: Upholsterer’s Shop.] [Illustration: Devil. Strainer. Web Strainer. Bench Screw. Square.] The _devil_ is the ugly and very absurd name given to a machine consisting of a box, inside which a spiked wheel turns; the use of this implement is to separate and tear to pieces such woven substances as, when reduced to shreds, serve for the stuffing of furniture, as also to soften and make finer hemp or tow for the same purpose, when horsehair, which is the best and most expensive material, is not used. Cocoa-nut fibre is now sometimes applied for this purpose; and in the commonest furniture hay is frequently placed as a foundation, with a small quantity of horsehair on the top. The _bench screw_ is a kind of vice which will hold a very thick substance, like the seat of a chair or sofa, without injuring the woodwork; the _web strainer_ is used for stretching strong cross-pieces of webbing across the bottom of the seats of chairs or couches, to make a firm foundation for the stuffing to rest upon, and with the ordinary _strainer_ to bring the canvas cover that confines the stuffing tightly and firmly to its place, an operation which requires great care, especially when metal springs are placed beneath the horsehair to make the seat more elastic. The Upholsterer’s _hammer_ is of such a shape that it will drive a small nail deeply down in a space when it is hidden by the damask or leather covering of the furniture. The _punches_ are for a similar purpose; while the _needle_ and the _regulator_ are used in stuffing the seats and properly adjusting the hair or other material. [Illustration: Upholsterer’s Hammers. Punches. Float. Screwdriver. Needle. Regulator. Bradawl.] FLOOR-CLOTH MANUFACTURER. [Illustration: DRYING WAREHOUSE.]