[Illustration: Fig. 84. A. Basin of water. B. Cylinder of wire gauze closed at both ends with gauze. When full of water it may be lifted from the basin by the handle, C.] A Spanish proverb, expressing contempt, says, "go to the well with a sieve," but even this seeming impossibility is surmounted by using a cylinder of wire gauze, which may be filled with water, and by means of the capillary attraction between the meshes of the copper-wire gauze and the water, the whole is retained, and may be carefully lifted from a basin of water; the experiment only succeeds when the air is completely driven out of the interstices of the gauze, and the little cylinder completely filled with water; this may be done [Page 72] by repeatedly sinking and drawing out the cylinder, or still more effectually, by first wetting it with alcohol and then dipping the cylinder in water. A balloon, made of cotton cloth, cannot be inflated by means of a pair of bellows, but if the balloon is wetted with water, then it may be swelled out with air just as if it had been made of some air-tight material; hence the principle of varnishing silk or filling the pores with boiled oil, when it is required in the manufacture of balloons. Biscuit ware, porous tubes for voltaic batteries, alcarrazas, or water coolers, are all examples of the same principle. Whilst speaking most favourably of the benevolent labours of many gentlemen (beginning with Mr. Gurney) who have erected "Drinking Fountains" in London's dusty atmosphere and crowded streets, it must not be forgotten that pious Mohammedans have, in bygone times, already set us the example in this respect; and in the palmy days of many of the Moorish cities, the thirsty citizen could always be refreshed by a draught of cool water from the porous bottles provided and endowed by charitable Mussulmans, and placed in the public streets. [Illustration: Fig. 85. Moorish niche and porous earthenware bottle, containing water.] [Page 73] CHAPTER IX. CRYSTALLIZATION. [Illustration: Fig. 86. Crystals of snow.]