The Church of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine BuildingLethaby, W. R. (William Richard)
Religion
The Church of Sancta Sophia, Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building
Lethaby, W. R. (William Richard)
Ayasofya Müzesi
It is very probable that some of the enamels added to the Pala d’Oro
at Venice after the sack of Constantinople came from the sanctuary
of S. Sophia, possibly from its altar. Sylvester Sguropulus[108] who
accompanied John Palaeologus to Venice in 1438, describes the Pala
d’Oro as “an icon which is formed out of many, and we heard that some
of these were taken from the Church of S. Sophia.” It may be only a
coincidence that one of the panels of the Pala contains the figure of
Solomon with the Greek inscription, “Wisdom hath builded her house,”
that being the usual legend for Solomon.
The altar would have been covered, like the altars shown in the mosaics
at Ravenna, and the illustrations of the _Menologium_,[109] by a cloth
reaching on all sides to the floor. These cloths bear very simple
devices--in the centre a plain cross, circle, or star, and at the four
corners _gammidae_ ⛶ which in the code of symbolism probably expressed
the four corners of that world, for which the daily sacrifice was
offered.
Others however were more richly embroidered. In the _Liber
Pontificalis_ of Agnellus[110] it is said that Maximian, the Archbishop
of Ravenna in Justinian’s time, ordered a most precious altar-cloth
(_endothis_) of byssus, on which was embroidered the whole history of
the Saviour. “It is not possible to imagine the human figures, or the
beasts and birds which are made on it.” The figure of the archbishop
was represented with the inscription, “Praise the Lord with me, for
he hath raised me from the dust.” The Continuator of Theophanes
also speaks of an altar-cloth on which “the birth of the Lord was
represented.”[111]
The general Greek name for altar-cloth was _endute_. Those at S.
Sophia are thus spoken of by the Anonymous, and we read that Michael
Palaeologus sent to the Pope “an _endute_ of the Great Church, of rose
red, with gold and pearls worked on it.”[112]
_Ciborium._--The altar stood under a canopy of silver called a
_kiborion_, as is fully described by Paulus. According to the Anonymous
it was patterned with niello or damascening (see p. 138). Such ciboria
are frequently spoken of in the _Lives of the Popes_.[113] Thus Gregory
I. made for S. Peter’s a “ciborium with four columns of pure silver,”
and Leo III. “made for the basilica of S. Paul a ciborium with large
and beautiful columns of the purest silver.” The ciborium of S.
Demetrius at Salonica, a fifth-century work described in the _Acta
Sanctorum_, was also of silver. It supported at the top “a solid sphere
of silver, with wonderful lily-leaves curved round it, and a cross
above.”[114]
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