The earliest copper of this period is small and insignificant. Some coins, as well as a few billon pieces, bear the inscription _’adl_, which may mean simply “legal,” _i.e._ currency (Pl. VIII, 1). Balban introduced a type with the Sultan’s name and titles divided between obverse and reverse. All copper is dateless. The mint names inscribed on the coins of these Sultans sometimes afford valuable historical evidence of the extent of their dominions. The general term, _Bilādu-l-hind_, “The Cities of Hind,” is the first to appear, on the silver of Altamsh. _Dehlī_ is found on the same king’s billon and copper. _Lakhnautī_, the modern Gaur in Bengal, also occurs for the first time during this reign; _Sult̤ānpūr_, a town on the Beas in the Panjāb, on a silver tankah of Balban; _Dāru-l-islām_, “The seat of Islam” (possibly an ecclesiastical mint in old Dehlī); and _Qila Deogīr_ on the gold and silver of ’Alāu-d-dīn Muḥammad; while Qut̤bābād is probably Qut̤bu-d-dīn Mubārak’s designation for Deogīr. II. THE COINAGE OF MUḤAMMAD BIN TUG̱H̱LAQ, A.D. 1325-1351 (A.H. 725-752) Faḵẖ̱ru-d-dīn Jūna, on his coins simply Muḥammad bin Tug̱ẖlaq, son and murderer of G̱ẖ̱iyās̤u-d-dīn Tug̱ẖlaq, has not unjustly been called by Thomas “The Prince of moneyers.” Not only do his coins surpass those of his predecessors in execution and especially in calligraphy,[53] but his large output of gold, the number of his issues of all denominations, the interest of the inscriptions, reflecting his character and activities, his experiments with the coinage, particularly his forced currency, entitle him to a place among the greatest moneyers of history. For his earliest gold and silver pieces he retained the old 172·8 grain standard of his predecessors. His first experiment was to add to these, in the first year of his reign, gold _dīnars_ of 201·6 grains (Pl. VIII, 7) and silver _’adlīs_ of 144 grains weight, an innovation aimed apparently at adjusting the coinage to the actual commercial value of the two metals, which had changed with the influx of gold into Northern India after the Sultan’s successful campaigns in the Deccan. But the experiment evidently did not work; for after the seventh year of the reign these two new pieces were discontinued. [53] The fine calligraphy, however, caused the coin to be reduced in size: all succeeding Sultans reproduced these small thick gold and silver pieces, but not the fine script, with the unfortunate result that the mint name which appears in the margin is frequently missing.