General Accounts.--Lodge, _English Colonies_, chs. i., iii., v., vii.; Doyle, as above, I.; H. Osgood, _American Colonies in Seventeenth Century_; Avery, as above, II. chs. ix., x., III. chs. i.-iii.; Channing, _United States_, I. chs. v.-ix.; Andrews, as above, chs. ix., xiii.-xv.; Greene, _Provincial America_, chs. i.-v.; Winsor, as above, III. chs. v., xiii., V. ch. v. Special Histories.--Virginia: Brown, _First Republic in America_, and _English Politics in Early Virginia History_; Bruce, as above; Fiske, _Old Virginia and Her Neighbors_; J. Cooke (Commonwealths); L. Tyler, _Cradle of the Republic_, and _Williamsburg_; R. Pryor, _Birth of the Nation_; J. Wayland, _German Element in Shenandoah Valley_.--Maryland: Browne (Commonwealths), Scharf, Bozman, Mereness, as above; C. Hall, _Lords Baltimore_; B. Steiner, _Beginnings of Maryland_.--Carolinas: J. Moore, I. chs. i.-iii.; C. Raper; E. McCrady, _South Carolina under Proprietary Government_; S. Ashe, _North Carolina_, I. Lives of Smith by Bradley, Roberts, and Smith. Contemporary Accounts.--Reprints of Smith's _True Relation_, and other early documents: Force, Tracts; publications of historical societies and commissions of the several states; Carroll, _Historical Collections_; Brown, _Genesis of United States_; Kingsbury and Osgood, _Records of Virginia Company_; Jameson, _Original Narratives of Early American History; American History told by Contemporaries_, I. part iv; _American History Leaflets_, No. 27. 28. Reasons for Final English Colonization. Sidenotes: Over-population of England in the seventeenth century. Colonization as a means of relief. By the beginning of the seventeenth century it was quite evident to thoughtful men that England needed room for growth. The population of the island had greatly increased during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The extension of the wool trade had encouraged the turning of vast tracts of tillable ground into sheep-pastures, which elbowed large communities of farm-laborers out of their calling. England at large waxed great, the condition of the merchant and upper classes was improved, but the peasant remained where he was, the gulf widening between him and those above him. The growth of the merchant class and their appearance on the scene as large landholders, still further lessened the feudal sympathy between peasant and landlord. The land abounded with idle men. Everywhere was noticed the uneasiness which frets a people too closely packed to find ready subsistence. Starvation induced lawlessness. Colonization was thought by many to be the only means of obtaining permanent relief from the pressing political and economic dangers of pauperism; and naturally America, from which Gosnold, Pring, and Weymouth had but recently brought favorable reports, was deemed most available for the planting of new English communities. Sidenote: Chartered trading companies undertake the task.