42 Perhaps we should read, “make an ‘_erūb_’ ” (a legal fiction by which dwellings or limits were treated as one). The Sadducees and Samaritans rejected this evasion of the law. 43 See 12 12 ff. 44 Similarly the Essenes, at their reception into the order, bound themselves by the “tremendous oaths” which Josephus describes, B. J. ii, 8 7. 45 The oath by the Tetragrammaton included _a fortiori_. 46 The Essenes excluded oaths altogether, except in the initiation of members. See also Slavonic Enoch 49 1; Philo, De spec. legibus ii, 1, and elsewhere (Charles, Secrets of Enoch, p. 65). Our sect recognizes judicial oaths (9 8 ff.) and imprecations (9 12), as well as vows under oath (16 6 ff.). 47 On the relation of the Jubilees to the sect, see further below, p. 359. 48 Cf. Jubilees 2 9, God appointed the sun ... for sabbaths, and months, and feasts; and Jubilees 6 37, the observation of the moon disturbs the calendar. 49 It seems necessary to supply these words. 50 “The book of _hagu_.” The rendering “Institutes” is not offered as a translation of the name, but as indicating the probable character of the work. See below, p. 353 f. 51 Dr. Schechter renders “Censor,” and remarks, “Such an office, entirely unknown to Judaism, could only have been borrowed from the Romans.” But the functions of the Inspector or Supervisor bear no resemblance to those of the Roman censors; and for the identity of the title the translator is solely accountable, not the constitution of the sect. Mr. Margoliouth talks loosely about dependence on Roman administrative models; it would be interesting to learn in what particulars. With the very large authority vested in the Supervisor may be compared that of the managers, or administrators (ἐπιμεληταί), among the Essenes, “without whose directions they do nothing”; though the functions of the managers in the Essene coenobite establishments were of course quite different from those of the Supervisors of our sect. 52 In the partly illegible lines that follow, his dealing with the congregation is compared with that of a shepherd with his flock.—Dr. W. H. Ward suggests that the title _mebaḳḳer_ may be connected with Ezek. 34 11 f., where the verb is used of a shepherd’s looking out for his flock. 53 As in Mishna _Yoma_ the High Priest has to be instructed by experts in the ritual of the Day of Atonement, and made to swear not to depart from his instructions. 54 Probably the lands belonging to the sect. 55 That a court must consist of ten judges, the Karaites deduce from Ruth 4 2. So Anan quoted by Poznanski, Revue des études juives, vol. xlv, p. 67, and p. 69, n. 1. 56 This seems to be the meaning of the somewhat obscure passage.