In regard to Sicily, it is stated that several of its rivers were navigable in the Middle Age, while such is not the case now. But this is explained by the devastation of the forests which formerly equalized the flow of these rivers, and perhaps also by the size of the vessels of that time. Cultivation in these regions has sharply declined since antiquity. As a consequence, the loose soil, which formerly was planted, has been washed away and the dams and retaining walls, built to prevent a too rapid drain of the water, have disappeared. Thus the country has grown increasingly arid. Large cities, as Palmyra, existed in desert regions where lack of water now prevents habitation. But water was brought to the metropolitan cities of old through long magnificent aqueducts, the ruins of which partly remain today. We have all reasons to believe that the marked decrease in cultivation and population, laid to changes in conditions of humidity, depended altogether on man’s interference with nature. On certain rocks in Morocco, carvings have been found portraying in a simple way large mammals such as elephants, rhinoceroses, and giraffes, which do not exist in these regions now because of lack of nourishment. But these rough works of art, resembling those of the bushmen of today, date from prehistoric time, the so-called paleolithic era, when the climate admittedly was more humid in these regions than it is now. Similar conditions obtain, according to Hedin, in Central Asia and in Persia. The climate there has without doubt been more humid but not in historic times. The march of Alexander toward India took place under as adverse conditions as now are found in these regions (Baluchistan). Their cities, now in ruins, received their water supply through conduits from rivers some of which were then adjacent to the cities, although they later have changed their course as pointed out by Leo Berg. In Western and Central Europe numerous marshes and morasses have indeed been drained and rendered available for cultivation, but this does not prove that the climate is become more dry. On the contrary all observations, for instance those made by Tycho Brahe on the island Hven, indicate that the difference between summer and winter temperature has decreased during historic time; that is the climate is become less continental, or more humid, than formerly. Furthermore, many circumstances, such as the occurrence of hazel and of water chestnut in far more northerly latitudes and the higher altitude of the timber line in earlier time, prove that the summer in prehistoric ages was warmer than now. Simultaneously it was dryer. A study of the lacustrine pile dwellings in Switzerland shows that the levels of the lakes then were not higher than now but very nearly the same, which demonstrates that the precipitation has not changed perceptibly in Switzerland since these buildings were made; the period in question occurred, we believe, about 7000 years ago.