also of fine bold first pointed form. Of this arcade, four and a-half bays on the north side and four bays on the south side next the east end have the arcade, without central shaft or tracery. The remainder of the clerestory arches on both sides have the opening divided by a central shaft carrying two pointed arches, and the arch head is filled with a quatrefoil cut out of a circular shield like those above described. The western bay (Fig. 518) is exceptional, having one arch with and one without tracery on each side of the nave, the openings without tracery being the east one on the south side and the west one on the north side. It may also be pointed out that the four east bays have ashlar work in the spandrils of the main arches, while the spandrils of the four west bays are filled in with rubble work. The main piers and arches are all of nearly the same design (Fig. 519). They are set diagonally to the nave, and have four half shafts at the cardinal angles and one intermediate shaft and two square projections between on each side. In the south piers the square angle is cut off these projections, otherwise the plan of the piers is the same. They have all rounded first pointed caps, composed of mouldings over a bell, and the bases are of usual first pointed forms (see Fig. 516). [Illustration: FIG. 519.--Dunblane Cathedral. Half-Plan of Nave Piers.] The west end (Fig. 520) is one of the finest parts of the cathedral. On the ground floor it contains the western doorway (Fig. 521), deeply recessed with a series of shafts and arch mouldings of line first pointed design, flanked by an acutely pointed blind arch on each side with trefoiled head within it. This ground story is surmounted by three lofty pointed windows (see Fig. 520), all of equal height, and each divided into two lights by a central mullion, and having the arch head filled in the central window with a cinquefoil, and in the side windows with a quatrefoil. The windows are all enclosed with a label moulding, having carved terminals. The jambs and arches have plain triple splays (Fig. 522), and the openings in the arch heads are cut out of plain circular shields like the windows of the clerestory. A passage like that of the clerestory runs round in the west wall, and has an inner arcade of clustered shafts, with arch mouldings and tracery similar to those of the clerestory. In the interior arcade the three arch heads are all filled with cinquefoils cut through what is almost a plain shield (Fig. 523). The gable is filled with an elegant vesica piscis (Fig. 524), to which Ruskin draws attention in his _Edinburgh Lectures_. [Illustration: FIG. 520.--Dunblane Cathedral. West End.] The edifice has not been intended to be vaulted. The buttresses of the nave are light (see Fig. 517), and they are finished with plain [Illustration: FIG. 521.--Dunblane Cathedral. West Doorway.]