We hold it to be an incontrovertible principle that the Government of the United States may, by means of physical force, exercised through its official agents, execute on every foot of American soil the powers and functions that belong to it. This necessarily involves the power to command obedience to its laws....[288] It is a fundamental of our constitutional law that no suit can be maintained against the United States, in any court, without express authority of Congress; and the United States cannot be sued in the courts of any State in any case.[289] It is the sovereign right of the United States not to be sued. To the extent that a State is sovereign it has the same right, and “These States are constituent parts of the United States. They are members of one great empire—for some purposes sovereign, for some purposes subordinate.”[290] The physical boundaries of a State, constituting a political, not a judicial question, must be determined by legislative authority, yet if the United States is a party to a case involving the issue of territorial boundary, the case falls within the judicial power,—that is, within the jurisdiction of the courts of the Union. The States of the Union have agreed in the Constitution that the judicial power of the United States shall extend to _all_ cases arising under the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States, without regard to the character of the parties (excluding of course, suits against a State by its own citizens, or by citizens or subjects of foreign states), and equally to controversies to which the United States shall be a party, without regard to the subject of such controversies, and that (the Supreme Court) may exercise original jurisdiction in all such cases [in which a State shall be a party] without excluding those in which the United States may be the opposite party.[291] In other words, the United States possesses adequate governmental authority and jurisdiction to secure the large purposes outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution. The United States has judicial jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution, the laws and the treaties of the United States “whoever may be the parties.”[292] This principle is of far-reaching effect; no party can be exempt.