The “Magnet,” built by Hackworth, at Shildon, in 1832, was an improvement on the above. The cylinders were 15in. diameter, 16in. stroke. The fire-tube at the furnace end was 2ft. diameter, and was divided in the middle by a 4in. fire-brick partition. The number of return tubes was 110. These were 7ft. 6in. long. Hackworth was at this time hauling all the trains on the Stockton and Darlington Railway by contract, at the rate of 2-5d. per ton of goods per mile; afterwards reduced to a still lower price. He paid the Stockton and Darlington Railway interest at 5 per cent. on the cost of locomotives employed on the line, which were the property of the Stockton and Darlington Railway Company, but leased to him. [Illustration: FIG. 23.—GALLOWAY’S “CALEDONIAN,” BUILT FOR THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY IN 1832] An engine named “Caledonian” (Fig. 23) was supplied to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1832, by Galloway, Borman and Co. She had inside frames, four coupled wheels 5ft. diameter, and a domed fire-box. The curious point about the locomotive was the location of the cylinders, which were placed on the frame in front of the smoke-box, and were fixed vertically, with the piston-rods working through the upper cover, connecting-rods working downwards to the leading wheels, the axle of which was below the frames, in front of the smoke-box. As might be expected, the “Caledonian” was far from being an easy-running locomotive, and, after several times running off the rails, she was rebuilt with inside cylinders and a crank axle. CHAPTER V. A Stephenson “bogie” engine for America—The genesis of a world-famous locomotive film—Its initial effort in locomotive construction, the “Experiment”—Her cylinder valves—Two early Scotch locomotives—Stephenson favours 6-wheel engines, and constructs the “Patentee”—Forrester’s “Swiftsure”—Opening of the Newcastle and Carlisle Rwy.—The “Comet”— R. Stephenson’s early “ultimatum,” the “Harvey Combe” —Hackworth to the front with a locomotive novelty— The first locomotive in Russia—The “Goliath”—The “Tyne” and her steam organ—Other early Newcastle and Carlisle Rwy. engines—An engine-driver’s reminiscences —No eight hours day then—The “Michael Longridge”— Opening of the Grand Junction Rwy.—Its first locomotives.