The Fable of the Bees; Or, Private Vices, Public BenefitsMandeville, Bernard
Philosophy
The Fable of the Bees; Or, Private Vices, Public Benefits
Mandeville, Bernard
Charity-schools -- Early works to 1800; Ethics -- Early works to 1800; Virtue -- Early works to 1800
If every thing is to be luxury (as in strictness it ought) that is not
immediately necessary to make man subsist as he is a living creature,
there is nothing else to be found in the world, no not even among
the naked savages; of which it is not probable that there are any
but what by this time have made some improvements upon their former
manner of living; and either in the preparation of their eatables,
the ordering of their huts, or otherwise, added something to what
once sufficed them. This definition every body will say is too
rigorous: I am of the same opinion; but if we are to abate one inch
of this severity, I am afraid we shall not know where to stop. When
people tell us they only desire to keep themselves sweet and clean,
there is no understanding what they would be at: if they made use of
these words in their genuine proper literal sense, they might be soon
satisfied without much cost or trouble, if they did not want water:
but these two little adjectives are so comprehensive, especially
in the dialect of some ladies, that nobody can guess how far they
may be stretched. The comforts of life are likewise so various and
extensive, that nobody can tell what people mean by them, except
he knows what sort of life they lead. The same obscurity I observe
in the words decency and conveniency, and I never understand them,
unless I am acquainted with the quality of the persons that make use
of them. People may go to church together, and be all of one mind
as much as they please, I am apt to believe that when they pray for
their daily bread, the bishop includes several things in that petition
which the sexton does not think on.
By what I have said hitherto I would only show, that if once we depart
from calling every thing luxury that is not absolutely necessary to
keep a man alive, that then there is no luxury at all; for if the
wants of men are innumerable, then what ought to supply them has
no bounds; what is called superfluous, to some degree of people,
will be thought requisite to those of higher quality; and neither
the world, nor the skill of man can produce any thing so curious or
extravagant, but some most gracious sovereign or other, if it either
eases or diverts him, will reckon it among the necessaries of life;
not meaning every body's life, but that of his sacred person.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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