[23] Three friends of tolerance were Voltaire, D’Argenson and Turgot. Voltaire in his _Discourse Historique et Critique_ placed as an introduction to the tragedy _Les Guebres_ (_Oeuvres_, by M. Beuchet, ix, 26, Paris, 1831), and in his _Traité sur la tolérance_, written upon the death of Jean Calas, 1763 (_Oeuvres_, ix, 141 and 243 _et seq._), pleads for tolerance. For d’Argenson’s views on tolérance in 1744, see Rocquain, _L’ésprit révolutionnaire_, 116 and 138, and d’Argenson, _Mémoires_, v, 328 _et seq._ Turgot in a letter to an ecclesiastic, his schoolmate at the Sorbonne, expressed himself in 1753 in favor of tolerance; another letter of the year following was of like import. His _Conciliateur_ was printed about the same time. _Oeuvres_, ii, 353 _et seq._, Paris, 1808. June, 1755, he presented a Memoir to the king on “Toleration, or Religious Equality.” _Life and Writings of Turgot_, by W. Walker Stephens, 256 _et seq._ [24] Rocquain, _L’ésprit rév._, p. 463. [25] _Ibid._, 336. [26] Rocquain, _L’ésprit rév._, 412. For a list of the books condemned, see Rocquain, _Ibid._, 489-535. [27] Quoted in Rocquain, _L’ésprit rév._, 178, and in _Mémoires_, viii, 248. [28] Rocquain, _L’ésprit rév._, 286. [29] _Essai sur le despotisme_, _Oeuvres_, viii, 111 _et seq._, Paris, 1835. [30] The cahier of the Nobility of Sisteron asked: “Qu’il sera fait des réglements, et pris des précautions pour que les troupes nécessaires au maintien de la tranquilité générale ne puissent jamais servir à opprimer le citoyen et à enchaîner la liberté publique.” _Arch. Parl._, iii, 364. The _cahier_ of the Nobility and the Third Estate of Péronne asked: “Que ... les officiers et les soldats, en prêtant le serment de fidélité au Roi, le prêtent aussi à la nation et jurent d n’exécuter aucun ordre qui soit contraire aux lois constitutionelles.” _Arch. Parl._, v, 356. [31] Jean Bodin, _De Republica_. Libre vi, chap. ii. [32] _Hist. Gén._, v, 362. [33] _État de la France en 1789_, Paul Boiteau, ch. xiv, Paris, 1861. [34] Alfred Neymarck, _Turgot et ses Doctrines_, i, 257 _et seq._, 2 vols., Paris, 1885. [35] _Hist. Gén._, vii, chap. xii. [36] For instances of the abuses at which Art. 13 aimed, see De Tocqueville, _L’Ancien régime_, trans. by Henry Buor, notes 32-38, pp. 271-273. [37] Rocquain, _L’ésprit rév._, 448. [38] For the part taken by the States General in granting subsidies, see Henri Hervieu, _Recherches sur les premiers États généraux_, Paris, 1879; G. Picot, _Hist. des États Généraux_ Paris, 1885, 5 vols.; Ch. V. Langlois, _États généraux_ in _La Grande Encyclopédie_; for that of the parlements, see Rocquain, _L’ésprit rév._, and Ch. Gomel, _Les Causes financières de la révolution française_. [39] Protest of the Cour des Aides of Paris, April 10, 1775, in _Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History_, edited by James Harvey Robinson, Ph. D., with an English version by Grace Read Robinson.