The Four Epochs of Woman's Life; A Study in HygieneGalbraith, Anna M. (Anna Mary)
Science
The Four Epochs of Woman's Life; A Study in Hygiene
Galbraith, Anna M. (Anna Mary)
Women -- Health and hygiene
In most women a drop of watery fiuid, the so-called colostrum, may be
squeezed out from the nipple at the end of the third month of
pregnancy.
The signs of pregnancy are divided into the presumptive, the probable,
and the positive. The presumptive signs are: menstrual suppression,
morning sickness, irritable bladder, mental and emotional phenomena.
The probable signs are: mammary changes, abdominal enlargement,
changes in the neck of the womb, and certain changes which are felt on
bimanual examination. The positive signs are: feeling the various
parts of the fetus, active movements of the fetus, and hearing the
fetal heart sounds.
Functional disturbances of the bladder are quite often noticeable in
the early part of the pregnancy. In the first part of the pregnancy
the bladder is dragged upon, and later it is pressed upon by the
enlarged uterus so that the bladder capacity is lessened and frequency
of urination is the result. In the fourth month, when the uterus
ascends into the abdominal cavity, these bladder symptoms subside,
until the very close of the pregnancy, when by the descent of the now
greatly enlarged uterus there may be even incontinence of urine.
Changes in the Abdomen.-- During the first two months of the pregnancy
there is a flattening of the abdominal surface, due to the descent of
the uterus into the pelvic cavity, thus slightly dragging the bladder
downward and drawing the umbilicus inward. In the latter part of the
fourth month there is noticeable a slight abdominal enlargement, and
the umbilicus is no longer sunken. By the end of the fourth month the
base of the uterus has risen two inches above the symphysis, and at
the end of the thirty-eighth week it touches the lower extremity of
the breast-bone; the umbilicus has been for many weeks protruding;
during the last two weeks of pregnancy the uterus again descends and
the woman feels more comfortable.
On the inspection of the abdomen of a pregnant woman there will be
noticed a brown line which extends from the umbilicus to the pubes,
and all over the surface the presence of striae, or long purple
grooves, due to the distention of the abdomen; on the sides of the
abdomen and down the thighs, red, blue, or white markings, like
cicatrices, may be seen.
Quickening.-- Quickening is the sensation experienced by the mother as
the result of the active fetal movements of the child in the womb.
These movements are first felt between the eighteenth and the
twentieth week; the common rule is that quickening occurs at the
middle of pregnancy; that is, at four and a half months. As pregnancy
advances these active motions increase in frequency and become more
marked. When felt or seen by the physician, as can be done in the
sixth month, fetal movements constitute a positive sign of pregnancy.
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