§3. The chief executive officer of a city is a _mayor_. A city is divided into wards of convenient size, in each of which are chosen one or more _aldermen_, (usually two,) and such other officers as are named in the charter. The mayor and aldermen constitute the _common council_, which is a kind of legislature, having the power to pass such laws, (commonly called _ordinances_,) and to make such orders and regulations, as the government of the city requires. The mayor presides in meetings of the common council, and performs also certain judicial and other duties. There are also elected in the several wards, assessors, constables, collectors, and other necessary officers, whose duties in their respective wards are similar to those of like named officers in country towns, or townships. §4. The inhabitants of cities, however, are not wholly governed by laws made by the common council. Most of the laws enacted by the legislature are of general application, and have the same effect in cities as elsewhere. Thus the laws of the state require, that taxes shall be assessed and levied upon the property of the citizens of the state to defray the public expenses; and the people of the cities are required to pay their just proportion of the same; but the city authorities lay and collect additional taxes for city purposes. §5. In cities there are also courts of justice other than those which are established by the constitution or general laws of the state. There is a court for the trial of persons guilty of disturbing the peace, and of such other minor offenses as are usually punishable by imprisonment in the county jail, called _police court_. It is held by a _police justice_, elected by the people, or appointed in such manner as the law prescribes. In some of the larger cities, there are courts of _civil_ as well as criminal jurisdiction, differing from those which are common to counties generally. §6. The government of incorporated _villages_ is not in all respects like that of cities. The chief executive officer of such a village is, in some states, called _president_. The village is not divided into wards; the number of its inhabitants being too small to require such division. Instead of a board of aldermen, there is a board of _trustees_ or _directors_, who exercise similar powers. The president of a village is generally chosen by the trustees from their own number. In some states, incorporated villages are called _towns_; and their chief executive officer is called _mayor_.