The earliest Roman provinces were _Sicily_, acquired by conquest in the First Punic War, 241 B.C., then _Corsica_ and _Sardinia_, annexed in the diplomatic intrigues which followed. Spain, or rather “_the Spains_.” Further and Hither, were the fruit of the Second Punic War (201). After the Third Punic War (146) the territory of Carthage became a province under the name of _Africa_. At the same time the Macedonian Wars gave Rome the province of _Macedonia_. To complete the list so far as the Roman Republic is concerned: Attalus III. bequeathed his kingdom to Rome in 133, and this became the province of _Asia_. In 121 the conquest of Southern Gaul gave Rome _Gallia Narbonensis_. In 103 the prevalence of piracy on the southern coasts of Asia Minor compelled the Romans to make _Cilicia_ a province. In 81 a legislative act of Sulla brought the already conquered _Cisalpine Gaul_ into the same category. The King of _Bithynia_ imitated Attalus in bequeathing his kingdom to Rome. _Cyrene_ also was bequeathed to Rome and united in one province with _Crete_ in 63. In 64 Pompeius the Great deposed the King of _Syria_ and annexed his kingdom. About the same time, on the death of Mithradates, _Pontus_ was added to Bithynia as a united province. In 51 Julius Cæsar completed the conquest of Gaul and added it as _Gallia Comata_ to the old province of Narbonensian Gaul. Finally in 31 Octavianus added _Egypt_ to the list. It was not the Roman way to think a situation out with the logic and directness of a Greek or a Frenchman. More like the Englishman, he took things as they came and made the best of them with as little derangement as possible of his pre-existing system and preconceived ideas. The Roman Empire was not governed on a system as it was not acquired by a policy. When Sicily came into the Roman hands, it came piecemeal in the course of the war. Various cities accepted Roman “alliance” on various terms. Rome had never been able to grant full citizenship to Greek states, because their inhabitants, speaking a foreign language, could not give the equivalent in military service. If Sicily had been Italian it would no doubt have entered the Roman alliance as a collection of municipia; as it was, the sixty-five or so separate Sicilian states continued to enjoy for the most part their previous constitutions under various agreements with Rome. Some were “free,” some were “free and confederate”; similarly of kings who yielded to Rome, some were styled “allies,” some “allies and friends.” The cities would have their charters and the kings would have their personal treaties with Rome which lapsed with their death. But in a region conquered in war most of the tribes or states were simply “stipendiary,” that is, tribute-paying. The _stipendium_ paid was originally, and in theory, an indemnity or a contribution for the maintenance of a military force by people who were unqualified to give personal service. It was generally settled by a commission of