(2) The Soviets of the shops, factories, trades-unions, and professional associations choose, in such manner as they will, representatives to the urban Soviet. The urban Soviets are not all based on equal representation, however. According to announcements in the official Bolshevist press, factory workers in Petrograd are entitled to one representative in the Petrograd Soviet for every 500 electors, while the soldiers and sailors are entitled to one representative for every 200 members. Thus two soldiers’ votes count for exactly as much as five workmen’s votes. Those entitled to vote in the village Soviets choose representatives to a rural Soviet (_Volost_), and this body, in turn, chooses representatives to the county Soviet (_Oyezd_). This latter body is equal in power to the urban Soviet; both are represented in the Provincial Soviet (_Gubernia_). The village peasant is one step farther removed from the Provincial Soviet than is the city worker. (3) Both the urban Soviets of the city workers’ representatives and the county Soviets of the peasants’ representatives are represented in the Provincial Soviet. There appears at this point another great inequality in voting power. The basis of representation is one member for 2,000 city _voters_ and one for 10,000 _inhabitants_ of rural villages. At first this seems to mean--and has been generally understood to mean--that each city worker’s vote is equal to the votes of _five_ peasants. Apparently this is an error. The difference is more nearly three to one than five to one. Representation is based on the number of _city voters_ and the number of _village inhabitants_. (4) The Provincial Congress (_Gubernia_) sends representatives to the Regional Congress. Here again the voting power is unequal: the basis of representation is one representative for 5,000 _city voters_ and one for “25,000 inhabitants of the county.” The discrimination here is markedly greater than in the case of the Provincial Congresses for the following reason: The members of these Regional Congresses are chosen by the _Gubernias_, which include representatives of city workers as well as representatives of peasants, the former being given three times proportionate representation of the latter. Obviously, to again apply the same principle and choose representatives of the _Gubernias_ to the Regional Congresses on the same basis of three to one has a cumulative disadvantage to the peasant. (5) The All-Russian Congress of Soviets is composed of delegates chosen by the Provincial Congresses, which represent city workers and peasants, as already shown, _and of representatives sent direct from the urban Soviets_. [Illustration: From Voter to National Government--Russia and U. S. A.[6]] [6] In all the Soviets, from County Soviets onward, city voters have a larger vote in proportion to numbers than rural voters. (See text.)