“But there was a belt of government land lying between the two belts of settlement about the respective county seats, which the road coveted, and if the line passed through the old towns there would be little chance for the speculative directors to profit by laying out town sites. So the road was laid out and built through the unsettled lands, avoiding every old town on its route.”[121] Sometimes discriminations are made by the use of different classifications for local and through traffic.[122] The rate on sugar from San Francisco to Kearney, Neb., was 77 cents per hundred lbs., against 50 cents, clear through to Omaha.[123] The rate on lumber from Wilmington to Philadelphia and Boston was higher than the local rate from Wilmington to Portsmouth or Norfolk plus the rate from Portsmouth or Norfolk to Philadelphia or Boston.[124] The rates from the East to St. Cloud, Minn., were higher than to St. Paul and other more distant points. The difference against St. Cloud was 7 cents per hundred on flour and 75 to 85 per ton on coal. This difference was two or three times the profit made by the miller, so that the price of wheat in St. Cloud was 6 cents below the price in Minneapolis or Princeton or Elk River, and the value of land about St. Cloud was thereby greatly lessened.[125] A canning factory in Emporia, Kansas, had good natural advantages and an excellent trade in Kansas, Colorado, Texas, etc., when in 1891 the freight rates were changed on the basis of water and rail competition via Galveston so that canned goods could be shipped into this territory from New York at rates that drove the Emporia factory out of business with a loss of $50,000 and the ruin of the owner who had been the heaviest tax payer in the county. The Emporia furniture factory, and the Emporia stockyards have also been ruined, it is said, by freight discriminations. In the Spokane case the rate to Portland, 2056 miles from the East, was $30 a ton, while the rate to Spokane, only 1512 miles, was $52 per ton. The Commission said this was unreasonable. “If a rate of 1½ cents per ton-mile yielded a desirable margin over the cost, a rate of 3½ cents pays an unwarranted return.” In a Georgia case it appeared that the rate from Cincinnati to a non-competitive town, Marietta, was 6 times as much per ton-mile as the rate to Atlanta. The business men of Spokane paid 2 or 3 times as much for haulage as the men of Portland, and the business men of Marietta paid 6 times as much in proportion as those in Atlanta.