639 =Josiah=, son of Amon, succeeds at age of eight. Terrible social and moral conditions exposed in prophecies of Zephaniah and Nahum. 621 Pretended discovery by Hilkiah of the “Book of the Law” leading to religious reforms. Idolatrous emblems are cast out and local sanctuaries abolished. 608 Neku II of Egypt enters Palestine on a career of conquest. Josiah meets him at Megiddo and is slain. =Jehoahaz= elected king by the people over his elder brother, Jehoiakim. 607 Jehoahaz made prisoner by Neku, and =Jehoiakim= placed on the throne. Judah, weakened and in disorder, becomes an Egyptian province. 605 Defeat of Neku by Nebuchadrezzar at Carchemish, in consequence whereof 601 Jehoiakim becomes a vassal of the Babylonian king. 597 Jehoiakim slain in a Chaldean invasion; his son =Jehoiachin= succeeds. After three months’ reign is carried captive to Babylon, after the surrender of Jerusalem to Nebuchadrezzar. The flower of the population is deported also. =Mattaniah=, Jehoiachin’s uncle, is appointed king and his name changed to =Zedekiah=. Jeremiah counsels complete submission to Babylon, but, 588 Zedekiah rebels, relying on the vain promise of Uah-ab-Ra [Hophra] of Egypt, and as a consequence 588-586 Siege and capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar. 586 The Jews “except the poorest of the land” are carried into captivity at Babylon. Gedaliah is appointed governor over the remnant left behind. A few surviving leaders flee and settle in Egypt, among them Jeremiah. End of the Hebrews as a nation. Henceforth they exist as a religious community. Beginning of Judaism. THE EXILE AND RESTORATION TO THE HEREDITARY HIGH PRIESTS (586-415 B.C.) 586-536 The Period of Exile. The Jews form the nucleus of a new people. Jehoiachin is released by Amil Marduk (Evil-Merodach) and treated with kindness. Ezekiel labours with his people to bear their burden and cheers them with the hope of restoration. They spend much time in compiling and revising the literary records of the past. The “Priestly Code” is compiled. 538 Conquest of Babylon by Cyrus. Persian dominion. 536 Cyrus issues decree permitting Jews to return to Jerusalem with their sacred vessels and to rebuild the temple. A band sets out at once headed by Zerubbabel and Jeshua. 534 The rebuilding of the temple is begun, but interrupted on account of the opposition of the Samaritans. Haggai and Zechariah exhort the Jews to complete the temple. 520 The rebuilding is renewed. 516 The temple is dedicated.