142 Trypho, the general of Alexander Balas, and his son Antiochus, seize Jonathan and put him to death. Simon, son of Mattathias, assumes the leadership, and induces Demetrius to release Judea from tribute. Capture of Acra by Simon. Judea free from Syrian control. 141 =Simon= confirmed as high priest. A time of peace and prosperity. The Law finally re-established. 135 Murder of Simon and his two sons by his son-in-law, Ptolemy. The third son, =John Hyrcanus=, succeeds to the high-priesthood. The position becomes one of practically independent sovereignty. Antiochus VII attempts to recover Judea. He devastates the country and Hyrcanus is obliged to purchase the withdrawal of the army, and the immunity of the capital. 128 Antiochus killed in Parthia. Hyrcanus annexes new territory. Captures Shechem and Samaria. Era of grandeur for the Jewish commonwealth. 105 John Hyrcanus dies. His son =Aristobulus= imprisons his mother, kills two brothers, and assumes title of king. Conquest and annexation of Ituræa. 104 =Alexander Jannæus= succeeds his brother. The growing opposition of the Scribes and Pharisees to the development of the Maccabæan commonwealth into a kingdom, leads to civil war, during which the Pharisees summon assistance from Syria and drive Alexander from Jerusalem, but he recovers the throne and works bloody revenge upon the Pharisees. 79 =Hyrcanus II= succeeds his father Alexander. 78 Alexandra (widow of Jannæus) makes terms with the Pharisees. 69 =Aristobulus II= wrests power from his brother Hyrcanus. Antipater, governor of Idumæa, sides with the latter. Aristobulus defeated, and Hyrcanus nearly succeeds in 65 regaining the throne, but the Romans appear in Syria, and take sides with Aristobulus. 63 Pompey, appealed to by both princes, captures Jerusalem; Hyrcanus retains his title, but Judea is made tributary to Rome. 47 =Antipater= made procurator of Judea, Samaria, and Galilee by Julius Cæsar. Hyrcanus assumes title of ethnarch. 43 Assassination of Antipater. His son =Phasael= is governor of Jerusalem. His son =Herod= is governor of Galilee. 40 Phasael captured by Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, and commits suicide. Herod flees to Rome and is made king of the Jews. 37 Herod captures Jerusalem in his war against Antigonus. He reorganises the sanhedrim, and the Pharisees become nearly as numerous in it as the priests and elders. 35-25 Herod removes the surviving members of the Asmonæan family from his path. 20 Herod begins reconstruction of the temple. He founds the cities of Antipatris and Cæsarea. 7-6 Herod causes the sons of Mariamne to be condemned and strangled.