55 He attacks Orodes alone, who flees, but with the help of Surenas, 54 captures Mithridates in Babylon and puts him to death. Crassus takes advantage of this civil strife to invade Parthia. 53 Great defeat of the Romans at Carrhæ by Surenas. Orodes makes peace with Armenia. He puts Surenas to death through jealousy. 52 Unsuccessful Parthian invasion of Syria. 51 Cassius defeats the Parthians at Antigonia. 50 The satrap of Mesopotamia raises a revolt in favour of Pacorus, son of Orodes. Pacorus is recalled by Orodes and Syria is evacuated. Orodes associates Pacorus with him on the throne. After the battle of Philippi, Labienus, who has been sent from Rome to obtain help from Orodes, advises him to seize Syria. 40 Pacorus, Labienus, and a large army attack Syria, which falls into Parthian hands. All the Phœnician cities except Tyre submit. The Parthians appear in Palestine and the country rises against Herod and Phasael. Hyrcanus deposed and Antigonus substituted. The cities of Asia Minor except Stratonicea open their gates to Labienus. 39 Ventidius, Antony’s general, drives Labienus from Asia Minor. Capture and execution of Labienus. 38 Complete rout of the Parthians and death of Pacorus at battle of Cyrrhestica. The Parthians evacuate Syria. 37 Orodes, in grief at Pacorus’ loss, resigns crown to his son =Phraates IV=. He at once murders his brothers and then his father, his own son, and all possible claimants of the throne. He removes the capital to Ctesiphon. Many of the nobles flee to Antony, who plans a war against Parthia. 36 Antony appears in Atropatene and besieges the capital. The expedition proves a failure. 33 Rebellion against Phraates, culminating 32 in an unknown usurper taking the throne. He is succeeded in a few months by =Tiridates II=. 30 After battle of Actium, which draws the Roman troops from Media, and Parthia, the Parthians seize Media and Armenia and put Artaxes II on the Armenian throne. Phraates regains his kingdom for a short time. Tiridates flees to Syria, where he is protected by Octavian. 27 Tiridates, with the help of the Arabs, surprises Phraates and compels him to flee. Phraates finally persuades the Scythians to help him and 26 Phraates is reinstated. Tiridates flees to Augustus, carrying Phraates’ younger son with him. 23 Augustus restores Phraates’ son to him. Civil war rages in Parthia. 20 Augustus visits the East. Phraates, in fear, returns Roman captives and the ensigns taken from Crassus and Antony, to Augustus. 10 Phraates sends his family to Rome in order to remove causes of civil strife, keeping only his favourite wife Urania, an Italian slave girl presented by Augustus, and her child Phraates or Phraataces.