The hardships the _Virginians_ experienced from restrictions on their trade under _Oliver Cromwell_, together with their attachment to the royal family, induced them to seize the occasion of the death of the protector’s governor, for applying to Sir _William Berkely_, who had lived privately during the revolutions of the day, to resume the government of the colony, to which he consented, on their solemnly promising to venture their lives and fortunes with him for Charles II. Before they had heard of the death of Cromwell, _Charles_ was proclaimed by them king of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia. During the distresses to which the royalists were exposed in England prior to this event, they resorted to that colony, so that Virginia contained about 30,000 persons at the restoration. Sir William Berkely, in his answer to the enquiries of the lords of the committee of the colonies, writes, June 20, 1671, “there are 40,000 persons, men, women, and children, 2000 black slaves, and 6000 christian servants for a short time.” You will not have your good opinion heightened of him for his adding—“I thank God there are no free schools, nor printing, and I hope we shall not have them these hundred years. For learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the government. God keep us from both!”[39] You will remark, that, however zealous the Virginians were to honor the Charles’s with their loyalty, they boldly declined complimenting king, commonwealth, and protector with their liberties. _Maryland_ comes now to be considered. Sir _George Calvert_ was one of the original associates in the great Virginia company, and continued a member of that corporation during its existance: and, as secretary of state, he acted as one of the committee of council for the affairs of the plantations while James I. lived. Sir George in his reign, having thought proper to alter his religious sentiments and embrace popery, ingenuously avowed the change. The king pleased with his sincerity, granted him a part of _Newfoundland_, which the French at length obliged him to abandon. His majesty further testified his regard, by creating him Lord Baltimore of Ireland. King _Charles_, to compensate for his loss of the Newfoundland territory, gave him a grant of the country on the north side of the _Chesapeak-bay_.