Specimens of the crania of four distinct breeds of cattle from crannogs are here given as described by Wilde, who named them very appositely: 1, the straight-horn, or _Drom-adharach_; 2, the crumpled-horn, or _Crom-adharach_; 3, the short-horn, or _Gearr-adharach_; 4, the Hornless, or _Maol_. Of the first type (Fig. 44), which was found at Dunshaughlin, Wilde states that there are none now existing in Ireland of this race, evidently domesticated descendants of the ancient wild _Bos longifrons_. The cranium is “broad in the face, flat on the forehead, nearly level between the horns, with but slight projecting orbits, short thick slugs or horn-cores rising but little above the occipital crest, and turning slightly inwards, like some of the best short-horned bulls of the present day. It is eighteen inches long in the face, and nineteen from tip to tip of horn-core.” [Illustration: Fig. 45.--Cranium of the _Crom-adharach_, or Crumpled-horn Ox.] Fig. 45 represents a cranium of the _Crom-adharach_ or Crumpled-horn, which, judging by its remains, appears to have been the most numerous variety. This magnificent head of a bull of the race is “in point of size as fine a specimen as has yet been found: it is twenty-three and a-half inches long, and eight inches across the forehead, which has been broken in by some blunt instrument, probably in slaughtering. The horn-cores are not so large at the base, but more than twice as long as those of the “straight-horned” race; they are curved considerably inwards, so that the tips of the horns, when perfect, must have approached much nearer than their bases. Each horn-core was, when perfect, about eleven inches long.” This head, together with many similar crania, came from the crannog of Lough Gur, county Limerick. [Illustration: Fig. 46. Cranium of the Gearr-adharach, or Short-horned Ox. Fig. 47. Cranium of the Maol, or Hornless Ox.] The third class, or “short-horn”, had long narrow faces, with exceedingly small horn-cores curving abruptly inwards. The cranium of one specimen (female) measured seventeen inches in length of face, six inches across the forehead, and eleven inches from tip to tip of horn-core. Fig. 46 gives a good illustration of this breed, which was abundant. The fourth class, the _Maol_, or Myleen (the hornless or bald), differs in nothing from those of the present day, save that it appears to have been of smaller size than its modern representative. The average length of face is about seventeen inches, by about eight inches across the orbits. Almost all the heads of this variety presented by Wilde to the R. I. A. came from the crannog of Dunshaughlin: they exhibit a remarkable protuberance or frontal crest. [Illustration: Plate XVI. Figs. 1 and 2.--Top and Side view of Yoke found in Donagh Bog. Figs. 3 and 4.--Yoke found on the margin of Lough Erne. Figs. 5 and 6.--Yoke found with Figs. 3 and 4. Wooden Yokes found in Donagh Bog and on the margin of Lough Erne.]