[Footnote 10: This theory is what Mr. Spencer calls 'Animism,' and does not believe in. What Mr. Tylor calls 'Animism' Mr. Spencer believes in, but he calls it the 'Ghost Theory.'] [Footnote 11: _Primitive Culture_, i. 428.] [Footnote 12: Howitt, _Journal of Anthropological Institute_, xiii. 191-195.] [Footnote 13: The curious may consult, for savage words for 'dreams,' Mr. Scott's _Dictionary of the Mang'anja Language_, s.v. 'Lots,' or any glossary of any savage language.] [Footnote 14: _Prim. Cult._ i. 429.] [Footnote 15: _Prim. Cult._ i. 428.] [Footnote 16: Ibid. i. 285.] [Footnote 17: Ibid. i. 285, 286.] [Footnote 18: _Primitive Culture_, i. 446.] [Footnote 19: See, however, Dr. Von Schrenck-Notzing, _Die Beobachtung narcolischer Mittel für den Hypnotismus_, and S.P.R. _Proceedings_, x. 292-899.] [Footnote 20: _Primitive Culture_, i. 306-316.] [Footnote 21: i. 315.] [Footnote 22: _Phil. des Geistes_, pp. 406, 408.] [Footnote 23: See also Mr. A.J. Balfour's Presidential Address to the Society for Psychical Research, _Proceedings_, vol. x. See, too, Taine, _De l'Intelligence_, i. 78, 106, 139.] [Footnote 24: Tanner's _Narrative_, New York, 1830.] [Footnote 25: _Primitive Culture_, i. 143.] [Footnote 26: As 'spiritualism' is often used in opposition to 'materialism,' and with no reference to rapping 'spirits,' the modern belief in that class of intelligences may here be called spiritism.] [Footnote 27: _The Will to Believe_, preface, p. xiv.] [Footnote 28: _Primitive Culture_, i. 432,433. Citing Oviedo, _Hist. De Nicaragua,_ pp. 21-51.] [Footnote 29: _Primitive Culture_, i. 440. Citing Stilling after Dale Owen, and quoting Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace's _Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural_, p. 43. Mr. Tylor also adds folk-lore practices of ghost-seeing, as on St. John's Eve. St. Mark's Eve, too, is in point, as far as folk-lore goes.] [Footnote 30: _Proceedings_, S.P.R. v. 167.] IV 'OPENING THE GATES OF DISTANCE' 'To open the Gates of Distance' is the poetical Zulu phrase for what is called clairvoyance, or _vue à distance_. This, if it exists, is the result of a faculty of undetermined nature, whereby knowledge of remote events may be acquired, not through normal channels of sense. As the Zulus say: '_Isiyezi_ is a state in which a man becomes slightly insensible. He is awake, but still sees things which he would not see if he were not in a state of ecstasy (_nasiyesi_).'[1] The Zulu description of _isiyezi_ includes what is technically styled 'dissociation.' No psychologist or pathologist will deny that visions of an hallucinatory sort may occur in dissociated states, say in the _petit mal_ of epilepsy. The question, however, is whether any such visions convey actual information not otherwise to be acquired, beyond the reach of chance coincidence to explain.