If the sludge be run into the press from a tank at sufficient height, two charges can be worked in a day, but the cakes will not be as firm as butter of medium hardness. It is better to pump the charge into the press by means of a special diaphragm pump. The drainage is then incomparably quicker, the cakes will be formed in about an hour and will also be drier. A good deal, however, depends, naturally, on the nature of the earth colour. If the colour contains acid, alkali or salts, the filter-cloths can be washed by flushing the press with water under pressure. The cloths are made of specially fine cotton fabric. The press-runnings, which are never quite clear, are collected in a clarifying tank, where they are treated with lime and kieserite, whereby gypsum is formed, and the mass is put through a filter-press, which retains the solids and leaves the effluent clear. [Illustration: FIG. 19.] Filter-cloths which have become choked by use are spread on a table and scrubbed with water, or else washed in a special machine (Fig. 19), consisting of a rotary drum, with belt drive, the rotation circulating the water in the interior trough and enabling it to extract the dirt from the cloths. The flow and discharge of the water are controlled by valves, and the water may be warmed by admitting steam into the machine. The size of the washer depends on that of the filter-cloths. From the press, the cakes of colour are conveyed to the drying-plant, usually by the aid of automatic machinery. _Drying Appliances._--The stiff paste or cakes from the hydro-extractor or filter-press can be shaped, but require to be dried before they are put on the market. Drying is a wearisome operation, the finely divided material taking a very long time to dry completely, even during the summer months, whilst in winter it is almost impossible to get certain colours--such as ferric oxide colours and levigated clay--quite dry in the air, the inside of the lumps remaining soft and pasty after lying for months. The only way in which this troublesome delay in the completion of the operation can be overcome is by artificial drying; but as the employment of artificial heat entails expense, it is necessary to carry on the process with the smallest possible outlay, in view of the low commercial value of most earth colours. Long experience has convinced the author that the arrangement of the drying-rooms in many colour works is based on entirely wrong principles, and that a great portion of the heat furnished by the fuel is wasted. For this reason the description of a properly arranged drying-room will be welcomed by a number of readers.