[Footnote 82: Benedict Cajetan, Pope Boniface VIII. (_circa_ 1228-1303), elected Pope in 1294, issued the bull _Clericis laicos_ against Philip the Fair in 1296 and in 1302, at a synod held in Rome, promulgated the bull _Unam sanctam_, asserting the temporal as well as the spiritual supremacy of the Pope. He died in Rome of a fever induced by the ill-treatment which he had received while under arrest at Anagni.--T.] [Footnote 83: Michel de L'Hôpital (_circa_ 1505-1573), Superintendent of the Royal Finances (1554-1560) and Chancellor of France (1560-1568) under Francis II. and Charles IX.; a wise and tolerant French statesman.--T.] [Footnote 84: François Olivier (1493-1560), Chancellor of France under Henry II. He was disgraced at the instance of Diane de Poitiers and deprived of the Seals, but retained the title of Chancellor. He withdrew to his estate of Montlhéri, where he was often visited by L'Hôpital.--T.] [Footnote 85: Pierre Président Jeannin (1540-1622), the son of a tanner, became a disciple of Cujas, and rose gradually to be First President of the Parliament of Paris. He was employed on important negociations by Sully and, in 1609, signed the treaty which ensured the independence of the United Provinces. After the death of Henry IV., Marie de Medici appointed him Superintendent of Finance. His _Négociations_ were published in 1656.--T.] [Footnote 86: Nicolas de Neufville, Seigneur de Villeroi (1542-1617), was employed by Catherine de Medici on two important negociations in Italy, and was three times Secretary of State (1567-1588, 1594 and 1610-1614). His _Mémoires d'État_ were published in 1622.--T.] [Footnote 87: _Mémoires des sages et royales économies d'État domestiques, politiques et militaires de Henri le Grand_ (Paris: 1634).--T.] [Footnote 88: _Histoire de la mère et du fils_ and _Histoire de la régence_, published in a complete form as _Mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France_ in 1823.--T.] [Footnote 89: 1648.] [Footnote 90: 24 October 1648.] [Footnote 91: Nicolas Barillon was French Ambassador to England during part of the reigns of Charles II. and James II. A very interesting portion of his Correspondence with Louis XIV. on English Affairs was published by Charles James Fox as an appendix to his _History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II._ (London: 1808).--T.] [Footnote 92: Étienne François Comte de Stainville, later Duc de Choiseul et d'Amboise (1719-1785), Ambassador to Rome (1756), to Vienna (1756), and Foreign Minister (1758); Minister for War (1761) and, in addition, for the Navy (1763). After the death of Madame de Pompadour, his disdain for the new Favourite, the Comtesse Du Barry, procured his disgrace (1770). In 1761, he negociated the "Family Compact" between the Bourbon Kings of France, Spain and the Two Sicilies against England.--T.]